Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for communications are described. One or more flows between a node and one or more other nodes in a communication network may be monitored over a time period. During the monitoring, it may be identified that, during a subset of the time period, communications over at least one of the flows were restricted by the communication network based on receiving at least one indicator of congestion for the at least one flow. A quantity of traffic communicated over the one or more flows during the subset of the time period may then be determined, and respective flow rates of the one or more flows may be obtained. The obtained flow rates may be used to calculate a data rate of one or more connections between the node and the one or more other nodes.

Abstract: A method is provided for provisioning time-varying traffic demands in an optical transport software-defined network. The method includes pre-provisioning an amount of bandwidth for best effort traffic. The method further includes iteratively applying, using a processor, an iterative simulated annealing-based traffic provisioning procedure to determine candidate bandwidths for the best effort traffic in a set of iterations. The method also includes selecting a particular candidate bandwidth that has a corresponding blocking value lower than a given blocking requirement ? and that requires a minimum amount of spectrum as compared to other candidate bandwidths. The iteratively applying step includes varying the amount of bandwidth for best effort traffic in each iteration to determine the candidate bandwidths.

Abstract: A method for providing cloud embedding using Network followed by Compute Load Balancing (NCLB) by mapping one or more virtual links over one or more physical links while balancing network resources, and mapping one or more virtual nodes over one or more physical nodes while balancing different types of computational resources.

Abstract: A hybrid electro-optical data center system includes multiple tiers. A bottom tier has one or more bottom tier instances, with each bottom tier instance including one or more racks, an electro-optical switch corresponding to each rack, and a first bottom tier optical loop providing optical connectivity between the electro-optical switches of the respective bottom tier instance. At least one server within each rack is electrically connected to the respective electro-optical switch and at least one super-server within each rack is electrically and optically connected to the respective electro-optical switch. A top tier includes electro-optical switches, each electrically connected to an electro-optical switch in a respective bottom tier instance, a first top tier optical loop providing optical connectivity between the electro-optical switches of the top tier, and one or more optical add/drop modules providing optical connectivity between the first bottom tier optical loop and the first top tier optical loop.

Abstract: A joint-optimization method addresses the generalized routing and wavelength assignment problem with variable number of combined 1+1 dedicated and shared connections. The inventive method enables a solution in time that is polynomial of the input size. Thus, the time complexity of the joint-optimization method is significantly less than that of existing methods.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a QoS-aware unified protocol that is applicable in the control plane of software defined networks, which can bring following benefits and includes optical burst switching protocol mainly requires four key operations; burst assembling, burst routing, burst scheduling, and control packet signaling protocols.

Abstract: A hybrid electro-optical data center system includes multiple tiers. A bottom tier has one or more bottom tier instances, with each bottom tier instance including one or more racks, an electro-optical switch corresponding to each rack, and a first bottom tier optical loop providing optical connectivity between the electro-optical switches of the respective bottom tier instance. At least one server within each rack is electrically connected to the respective electro-optical switch and at least one super-server within each rack is electrically and optically connected to the respective electro-optical switch. A top tier includes electro-optical switches, each electrically connected to an electro-optical switch in a respective bottom tier instance, a first top tier optical loop providing optical connectivity between the electro-optical switches of the top tier, and one or more optical add/drop modules providing optical connectivity between the first bottom tier optical loop and the first top tier optical loop.

Abstract: The inventive 2-step-optimization procedure that addresses the generalized routing and wavelength assignment problem with variable number of combined 1+1 dedicated and shared connections for the first time. The proposed procedure results a solution in time that is polynomial of the input size. Thus, the time complexity of the 2-step-optimization procedure is significantly less than that of existing methods.

Abstract: A method is provided for provisioning time-varying traffic demands in an optical transport software-defined network. The method includes pre-provisioning an amount of bandwidth for best effort traffic. The method further includes iteratively applying, using a processor, an iterative simulated annealing-based traffic provisioning procedure to determine candidate bandwidths for the best effort traffic in a set of iterations. The method also includes selecting a particular candidate bandwidth that has a corresponding blocking value lower than a given blocking requirement ? and that requires a minimum amount of spectrum as compared to other candidate bandwidths. The iteratively applying step includes varying the amount of bandwidth for best effort traffic in each iteration to determine the candidate bandwidths.

Abstract: A method for providing cloud embedding using Network followed by Compute Load Balancing (NCLB) by mapping one or more virtual links over one or more physical links while balancing network resources, and mapping one or more virtual nodes over one or more physical nodes while balancing different types of computational resources.

Abstract: A Network Depth Limited Network Followed by Compute Load Balancing (ND-NCLB) can embed more cloud demands than the existing solutions. The inventive ND-NCLB, partitions the physical network into many sub-networks, and limits the mapping of cloud demands within one of the sub-networks to avoid over provisioning of resources.

Abstract: There is provided a method in a wavelength convertible flexible optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WC-FWDM) network. The network has a plurality of optical nodes interconnected by a plurality of optical fibers. The network is for providing an overall spectrum divisible into a set of consecutive wavelength slots. At least one optical node has at least one wavelength converter for wavelength conversion. The method includes determining a channel route through the network commencing at a source node and ceasing at a destination node. The determined channel route is selectively tunable responsive to selected ones of a plurality of routing methods. The routing methods are so selected responsive to a routing policy having one or more objectives of minimization of channel blocking, minimization of a number of wavelength converters used in the network, and minimization of physical distance traversed by a channel, and minimization of operating wavelengths of a channel.

Abstract: A method for optimal combined 2R/3R regenerators placement for optical transmission includes determining an optimal placement of multiple 2R and 3R regenerators that minimizes bit error rate BER at a destination node, determining an optimal number of the 2R and 3R regenerators that minimizes a total cost while satisfying the BER at the destination node, and determining an optimal placement of the 2R and 3R regenerators along a route in the optical transmission.

Abstract: A method includes determining a line rate selection for a flexible optical wavelength-division-multiplexing WDM network, determining a traffic routing in said network, and determining simultaneously a channel routing, wavelength assignment and spectrum allocation in said network based on an auxiliary graph.

Abstract: A method for optical layer traffic grooming includes receiving at least two optical input signals into respective optical receivers, each optical receiver having a photodetector for converting the respective optical input signal into a respective electrical signal; a grooming processor responsive to the electrical signals, the grooming processor being a radio frequency RF processor for processing the electrical signals at a subcarrier level to produce an RF orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal OFDM signal; and modulating the groomed RF OFDM signal at a transmitter for conversion of the groomed RF OFDM into an optical signal.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a QoS-aware unified protocol that is applicable in the control plane of software defined networks, which can bring following benefits and includes optical burst switching protocol mainly requires four key operations; burst assembling, burst routing, burst scheduling, and control packet signaling protocols.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a solution for grooming multicast traffic in flexible optical wavelength division multiplexing WDM networks. The invention includes a solution for grooming multicast traffic in flexible optical wavelength division multiplexing networks into a solving a multicast routing sub-problem, solving a a grooming sub-problem; and solving a wavelength assignment and spectrum allocation sub-problem.

Abstract: Methods and systems for optical signal grooming that include providing one or more input signals, each having one or more modulated subcarriers, to a grooming processor; and grooming the input signals at a subcarrier level with the grooming processor to produce one or more output signals by arranging the modulated subcarriers in the output signals according to a grooming operation such that the modulated subcarriers are not demodulated or decoded prior to grooming.

Abstract: The inventive 2-step-optimization procedure that addresses the generalized routing and wavelength assignment problem with variable number of combined 1+1 dedicated and shared connections for the first time. The proposed procedure results a solution in time that is polynomial of the input size. Thus, the time complexity of the 2-step-optimization procedure is significantly less than that of existing methods.

Abstract: A joint-optimization method addresses the generalized routing and wavelength assignment problem with variable number of combined 1+1 dedicated and shared connections. The inventive method enables a solution in time that is polynomial of the input size. Thus, the time complexity of the joint-optimization method is significantly less than that of existing methods.