Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus, comprising: a memory comprising instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to: receive first data corresponding to measurements of behavior of a user in the absence of a target behavior; receive second data corresponding to a measured behavior of the user relative to a target behavior, the target behavior representing an improvement in the behavior of the user corresponding to the first data; provide a first distribution for the second data; analyze the first distribution for asymmetry; estimate a level of motivation of the user based on the analysis; and provide the estimated level of motivation as a basis for a subsequent action.