Abstract: The invention relates to ruthenium-rhenium-tin and ruthenium-rhenium catalysts effective for the reduction of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols and processes for the reduction of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols using the ruthenium-rhenium-tin and ruthenium-rhenium catalysts.

Abstract: The invention relates to ruthenium-rhenium-tin and ruthenium-rhenium catalysts effective for the reduction of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols and processes for the reduction of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols using the ruthenium-rhenium-tin and ruthenium-rhenium catalysts.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a ruthenium-promoted cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a promoted copper-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of an iridium-promoted cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a ruthenium-promoted cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a promoted copper-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of a cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-diol by hydrogenation of a 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1,3-dione in the presence of an iridium-promoted cobalt-based catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fluid bed polymerization process including an improved method for cooling the fluid bed. The recycled fluid stream is cooled by a method comprisinga) cooling said gas sufficiently to condense a portion of said gas to a liquid,b) thereafter separating said liquid from said cooled gas,c) compressing said cooled gas,d) thereafter recooling said cooled gas sufficiently to condense a portion thereof to a liquid,e) reintroducing said liquid portions and said recooled gas into said reactor sufficiently to maintain reactive conditions.

Abstract: A process for recovering 3,4-epoxy-1-butene from a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reactor effluent where 1,3-butadiene is reacted with oxygen over a silver catalyst, the process includes the steps of contacting the reactor effluent with an absorbent in an absorber and vaporizing in the absorber an effective amount of a non-reactive coolant to cool the absorber to a temperature of less than about 40.degree. C. and a pressure of less than about 4 bar. Advantageously, the vaporization of the non-reactive coolant proximate to the absorber allows the absorber to be operated at lower temperatures and pressures than heretofore possible and provides a further advantage of allowing higher O.sub.2 concentrations in the feed to the epoxidation reactor.