Abstract: A method and apparatus is shown to allow the creation of sound programmers and complementary sound decoders that may be securely downloaded with sound and IPL data and that will operate in power limited environments with resistance to power drop outs and are significant improvements beyond prior art devices.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is shown to allow expanded control capability for devices on and attached to a model railroad layout. Included is the capability for track section occupancy detection for one or more track sections, employing a switched impedance occupancy detection method, simultaneously allowing; transponding location and/or data feedback detection and intelligent power management, and/or autoreversing methods in the same device, and further providing for this encoded detection and power state information to be communicated to a layout control and monitoring system. Additional capability is to display on the local device or remote indicator lights and/or aural alarms any user selectable device state information by employing a recognizable and predefined indication pattern.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is shown to allow expanded control capability on model railroad layouts. Also included is the capability to introduce occupancy detection, transponding or data feedback detection and intelligent power management, and autoreversing methods in the same device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is shown to allow an integrated expanded control capability of digital locomotives on model railroad layouts that also permit compatible speed and direction operation simultaneously for non-digital or conventional locomotives alongside. The improvements employ mixed-mode control encoding and decoding algorithms and methods that are expanded beyond the prior art for control mode changes used on model railroad layouts.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is shown to allow expanded control capability of digital locomotives on model railroad layouts that also permit compatible speed and direction operation simultaneously for non-digital or conventional locomotives alongside. The improvements employ mixed-mode control encoding and decoding algorithms and methods that are expanded beyond the prior art for control mode changes used on model railroad layouts.

Abstract: New techniques are presented for providing proportional activation of model railroad functions with control keys. This permits for example a compact throttle device connected to a digital layout control system to provide for a “playable” or variable-pitch whistle sound effect where prior art was severely limited in providing this effect realistically. This invention allows multiple proportional keys in a cost-effective manner that is compatible with existing keyboard designs.

Abstract: New techniques are presented for increased power handling capability for model railroad decoders and other attached electronics when space and cooling limitations exist. Additionally, novel usage of existing electronic voltage measurements permit an improvement in Overcurrent fault detection and recovery. These techniques allow new designs with improved reliability and load current capacity.

Abstract: A method of providing a new control capability to a conventional current control device connected to a model railroad control system includes the use of a conversion interface devices and a throttle user interface device. The conventional current control device and the interface devices are arranged and configured in a manner to allow exporting the new control capability from the throttle user interface device to the conventional current control device so as to transform the conventional current control device into a conversion throttle that is capable of the new control capability.

Abstract: A method of reducing interferences or cross-talks is provided to a model track circuit, which composes of multiple track sections that electrically communicate with current sensors, inductive reactance elements, and a booster. The method includes providing booster capacitive reactance elements in the track circuit in a manner to form a frequency selective filtering network for reducing interferences.

Abstract: An amplifier for use with a twisted pair LAN. Each stage of the amplifier provides amplification including higher frequency emphasis for a predetermined length of line. The correct number of stages are automatically activated within the amplifier. Thus a singly configured amplifier may be used for different line lengths.

Abstract: An improved full color electrophotographic print engine using flexible belts to carry a photosensitive electrostatic image developer and a transfer belt for building up composite developed images. Each belt, and an optical scanner, are driven by mechanically independent motors which are synchronized by an electronic digital controller implementing precise servos. The use of the flexible belts allows the machine to be relatively inexpensive, very small compared to previous full color print engines, and yet maintain precise registration of color composite images. An improved fuser mechanism with increased dwell time at constant machine speed is also shown. The fuser includes a pair of spaced-apart rollers, both of which urge a sheet of image receptor against the heated roller over a predetermined angular portion of the roller. The machine is specifically designed to be used interchangeably with an optical bench source as a copier or with a laser bench as a laser printer.

Abstract: An improved full color electrophotographic print engine using flexible belts to carry a photosensitive electrostatic image developer and a transfer belt for building up composite developed images. Each belt, and an optical scanner, are driven by mechanically independent motors which are synchronized by an electronic digital controller implementing precise servos. The use of the flexible belts allows the machine to be relatively inexpensive, very small compared to previous full color print engines, and yet maintain precise registration of color composite images. An improved fuser mechanism with increased dwell time at constant machine speed is also shown. The fuser includes a pair of spaced-apart rollers, both of which urge a sheet of image receptor against the heated roller over a predetermined angular portion of the roller. The machine is specifically designed to be used interchangeably with an optical bench source as a copier or with a laser bench as a laser printer.

Abstract: An improved full color electrophotographic print engine using flexible belts to carry a photosensitive electrostatic image developer and a transfer belt for building up composite developed images. Each belt, and an optical scanner, are driven by mechanically independent motors which are synchronized by an electronic digital controller implementing precise servos. The use of the flexible belts allows the machine to be relatively inexpensive, very small compared to previous full color print engines, and yet maintain precise registration of color composite images. An improved fuser mechanism with increased dwell time at constant machine speed is also shown. The fuser includes a pair of spaced-apart rollers, both of which urge a sheet of image receptor against the heated roller over a predetermined angular portion of the roller. The machine is specifically designed to be used interchangeably with an optical bench source as a copier or with a laser bench as a laser printer.

Abstract: An improved full color electrophotographic print engine using flexible belts to carry a photosensitive electrostatic image developer and a transfer belt for building up composite developed images. Each belt, and an optical scanner, are driven by mechanically independent motors which are synchronized by an electronic digital controller implementing precise servos. The use of the flexible belts allows the machine to be relatively inexpensive, very small compared to previous full color print engines, and yet maintain precise registration of color composite images. An improved fuser mechanism with increased dwell time at constant machine speed is also shown. The fuser includes a pair of spaced-apart rollers, both of which urge a sheet of image receptor against the heated roller over a predetermined angular portion of the roller. The machine is specifically designed to be used interchangeably with an optical bench source as a copier or with a laser bench as a laser printer.

Abstract: An improved full color electrophotographic print engine using flexible belts to carry a photosensitive electrostatic image developer and a transfer belt for building up composite developed images. Each belt, and an optical scanner, are driven by mechanically independent motors which are synchronized by an electronic digital controller implementing precise servos. The use of the flexible belts allows the machine to be relatively inexpensive, very small compared to previous full color print engines, and yet maintain precise registration of color composite images. An improved fuser mechanism with increased dwell time at constant machine speed is also shown. The fuser includes a pair of spaced-apart rollers, both of which urge a sheet of image receptor against the heated roller over a predetermined angular portion of the roller. The machine is specifically designed to be used interchangeably with an optical bench source as a copier or with a laser bench as a laser printer.