Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of fractionating bio-oil vapors which involves providing bio-oil vapors comprising bio-oil constituents. The bio-oil vapors are cooled in a first stage which comprises a condenser having passages for the bio-oil separated by a heat conducting wall from passages for a coolant. The coolant in the condenser of the first stage is maintained at a substantially constant temperature, set at a temperature in the range of 75 to 100° C., to condense a first liquid fraction of liquefied bio-oil constituents in the condenser of the first stage. The first liquid fraction of liquified bio-oil constituents from the condenser in the first stage is collected. Also disclosed are steps for subsequently recovering further liquid fractions of liquefied bio-oil constituents. Particular compositions of bio-oil condensation products are also described.

Abstract: A method of fractionating bio-oil vapors which involves providing bio-oil vapors comprising bio-oil constituents is described. The bio-oil vapors are cooled in a first stage which comprises a condenser having passages for the bio-oil separated by a heat conducting wall from passages for a coolant. The coolant in the condenser of the first stage is maintained at a substantially constant temperature, set at a temperature in the range of 75 to 100° C., to condense a first liquid fraction of liquefied bio-oil constituents in the condenser of the first stage. The first liquid fraction of liquified bio-oil constituents from the condenser in the first stage is collected. Also described are steps for subsequently recovering further liquid fractions of liquefied bio-oil constituents. Particular compositions of bio-oil condensation products are also described.

Abstract: An automotive fuel injector leakage tester (10) comprising a mount (22) for such an injector (32) and a flowmeter (66) of sufficient sensitivity arranged to measure leaked fuel flow rates through the nozzle (34) of such an injector (32). The tester (10) is further provided with an interface passageway (58) which enables fluid communication between the injector nozzle (34) and the flowmeter (66) when the tester (10) is in use. An injector (32) contains a first liquid when under test to supply such liquid to the injector nozzle (34) so that such liquid can leak therethrough into the interface passageway (58). The interface passageway (58) contains a second liquid which is immiscible with the first liquid, the tester (10) being so constructed that the interface between the first and second liquids remains within the interface passageway (58) whilst the flowmeter (66) provides a measure of the leakage of the first liquid through the nozzle (34) of such an injector (32).