Abstract: A cascaded amplifier is comprised of a number of amplifying stages connected in cascade such as the dual emitter-coupled amplifier shown. A first pair of transistors (14,20) provides limiting amplification and a second pair of transistors (16,18) with degeneration (22,24) provide linear amplification. Each pair of transistors is driven by a current source (28,26) which supplies a current (IT, IT2) proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT). The small signal amplification is then substantially independent of temperature and the value of the limited output is proportional to absolute temperature. This latter effect is countered by including a translinear variable current gain amplifier (54,56,58,60) in the last dual-gain stage of the cascaded amplifier to modify the output voltage in a manner inversely proportional to absolute temperature. A transfer function may thus be provided which is substantially independent of temperature.

Abstract: A four quadrant multiplier circuit having a high dynamic range and capable of operating at low voltages includes a dual transconductance amplifier circuit (TAC) consisting of NPN transistors (20 to 23 and 64 to 67), coupled to a first input port (36), first and second folded Darlington circuits (57,58), and a resistive element (78). Each Darlington circuit includes first and second NPN transistors (68,70 and 69,71) whose emitter-collector paths are connected in series and a third PNP transistor (72,73) having its emitter-collector path connected between the collector of the first transistor (68,69) and the base electrode of the second transistor (70,71). The emitter-collector junction (76,77) of the first and second transistors (68,70 and 69,71) is connected to the base electrode of the third transistor (72,73). The resistive element (78) is connected between the base electrodes of the third transistors (72,73). A second input port (56) is connected to the base electrodes of the first transistors (68,69).

Abstract: A transconductance amplifier comprises first and second input transistors having base electrodes to which an input voltage (Vi) is applied. A constant current source is connected to the emitters of the input transistors. Outputs are derived from their collector electrodes. A tapped impedance having two or more segments (R0 to RN,RN to R0) is connected between the base electrodes of the input transistors. The base electrodes of a plurality of further transistors are connected to respective taps of the tapped impedance. The emitter areas of these further transistors increase from each end of the tapped impedance towards the center of the tapped impedance. The emitters of the further transistors are connected to the current source and the collectors are connected to a junction which is connected to means for computing the combined base currents of the further transistors from the combined collector currents at said junction.

Abstract: A zero IF receiver which is capable of detecting short duration or CW signals and of operating over a large dynamic range includes an input terminal for receiving an input signal, a quadrature down-converter coupled to the input terminal for producing quadrature related, frequency down-converted signals in a pair of signal paths. These signal paths each include an amplifier having a substantially sinh.sup.-1 transfer characteristic so that the pair of signal paths produce substantially logarithmic quadrature related output signals which are coupled to a demodulator. The demodulator converts the quadrature related output signals into amplitude and frequency descriptions of the input signal relative to a center frequency of the receiver. The amplitude description is determined by selecting the one of the quadrature related output signals having the larger absolute value and applying an amplitude correction thereto.

Abstract: A method and a system for radio direction-finding by measuring the Time of Arrival (ToA) of the leading edge of signals from a distant source at two relatively closely spaced receiving elements. In order to give a good degree of immunity to multipath, the times at which the instantaneous detected amplitudes of the received signals first exceed a minimal threshold value such that received signals can be satisfactorily distinguished from noise is measured in such a manner that the measured time is not affected by multipath which involves more than a few meters additional path length for the indirect, delayed signal. A suitable timing circuit is disclosed.By making ToA measurements on three coplanar, non-collinear receivers, directions of incidence in three dimensions can be determined.A method and a system using both ToA and phase-difference measurements can provide the accuracy of interferometry but be simpler and cheaper.

Abstract: A radio direction-finding system comprises at least two adjacent, coplanar rectilinear antenna arrays (ARR.sub.1, ARR.sub.2) which face in different directions; phase measurements are performed on pairs of antennae of different spacings (ANT.sub.C /ANT.sub.1 -ANT.sub.N) in each array in order to derive the direction of incidence in the plane of the arrays and/or the direction of incidence with respect to said plane, e.g. bearing (.theta.) and elevation (.beta.) respectively. To reduce the number of channels required for resolving ambiguity in the phase measurement on the widest-spaced antenna pair (ANT.sub.C /ANT.sub.N) in each array, ambiguity is resolved as far as possible with more closely spaced pairs in each array and finally resolved on the two arrays jointly by amplitude comparison of signals received by the two arrays, even though the accuracy of the amplitude comparison may be insufficient to resolve ambiguity in the arrays separately.