Abstract: An apparatus may include an electrodynamic mass analysis (EDMA) assembly disposed downstream from the convergent ion beam assembly. The EDMA assembly may include a first stage, comprising a first upper electrode, disposed above a beam axis, and a first lower electrode, disposed below the beam axis, opposite the first upper electrode. The EDMA assembly may also include a second stage, disposed downstream of the first stage and comprising a second upper electrode, disposed above the beam axis, and a second lower electrode, disposed below the beam axis. The EDMA assembly may further include a deflection assembly, disposed between the first stage and the second stage, the deflection assembly comprising a blocker, disposed along the beam axis, an upper deflection electrode, disposed on a first side of the blocker, and a lower deflection electrode, disposed on a second side of the blocker.

Abstract: An apparatus, including an electrodynamic mass analysis (EDMA) assembly. The EDMA assembly may include a first upper electrode, disposed above a beam axis; and a first lower electrode, disposed below the beam axis, opposite the first upper electrode, the EDMA assembly arranged to receive a first RF voltage signal at a first frequency. The apparatus may include a deflection assembly, disposed downstream to the EDMA assembly, the deflection assembly comprising a blocker, disposed along the beam axis. The apparatus may include an energy spread reducer (ESR), disposed downstream to the deflection assembly, the energy spread reducer arranged to receive a second RF voltage signal at a second frequency, twice the first frequency. The ESR may include an upper ESR electrode, disposed above the beam axis; and a lower ESR electrode, disposed below the beam axis.

Abstract: An ultrasonic measurement system comprises a processor configured for enhancing a received ultrasonic signal, where the received ultrasonic signal is a frequency domain signal. The enhancing involves deconvolving the received ultrasonic signal to yield a filtered signal, determining autoregressive extrapolation parameters based on frequency amplitude fluctuations of the filtered signal within a frequency range over which a corresponding reference signal has a high signal-to-noise ratio, and carrying out an autoregressive spectral extrapolation of the filtered signal using the autoregressive extrapolation parameters to yield an enhanced ultrasonic signal.