Abstract: The invention relates to modified cationic polymers which can be obtained by reacting (a) water-soluble, polymeric compounds containing NH groups with (b) compounds which are at least bifunctional with regard to NH groups, which contain at least one alkyl radical or alkenyl radical having at least 8 C atoms, and which contain, as a functional group, a halohydrin, epoxide, carboxyl, chloroformate or isocyanate group or a halogen atom. The invention also relates to a method for producing the polymers by reacting the compounds of groups (a) and (b), and to the use of the modified cationic polymers during the production of paper as fixing agents for papermaking stock containing interfering substances.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, starch/polymer combinations are provided. The preferred starch/polymer combinations are usable as paper additives, in the wet end of a papermaking process. Typical and preferred starch/polymer combinations of this type, result from combining a starch, having a polymer reactive carbonyl functionality, with a polymer, having a carbonyl reactive functionality, under conditions that allow for covalent interaction between the two. Typically usable components comprise oxidized starch and polymer having reactive primary or reactive secondary amine groups. Also provided are methods of preparing such combinations, methods of use, preferred papers including such combinations, and, analytical techniques usable in preparation of such combinations.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, starch/polymer combinations are provided. The preferred starch/polymer combinations are usable as paper additives, in the wet end of a papermaking process. Typical and preferred starch/polymer combinations of this type, result from combining a starch, having a polymer reactive carbonyl functionality, with a polymer, having a carbonyl reactive functionality, under conditions that allow for covalent interaction between the two. Typically usable components comprise oxidized starch and polymer having reactive primary or reactive secondary amine groups. Also provided are methods of preparing such combinations, methods of use, preferred papers including such combinations, and, analytical techniques usable in preparation of such combinations.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced by draining paper stock containing interfering substances in the presence of fixing agents by a process in which the fixing agents used are reaction products which are obtainable by reacting amino- and/or ammonium-containing polymers selected from the group consisting of the polymers containing vinylamine units polyalkylene polyamines polyamidoamines ethyleneimine-grafted polyamidoamines which may be crosslinked, polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorides polymers containing dialkylaminoalkylacrylamide units or dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide units and polyallylamines and dicyandiamide and formaldehyde condensates with reactive sizes for paper in a weight ratio of polymer to reactive size of from 15,000:1 to 1:1, and the reaction products thus obtainable are used as fixing agents for water-soluble and for water-insoluble interfering substances in the production of paper, board and cardboard from paper stocks containing interfering substances.

Abstract: A water-cooled firing grate made up of grate bar blocks extending over the width of the grate and each having a plurality of grate bars mounted on a grate bar carrier and interconnected by connecting pieces communicating between meandering shaped channels in the grate bar and a pair of end pieces forming an inlet and an outlet at the outer boundaries of the block and connected to an inlet and an outlet for the cooling water. The pieces are so fixed to the bars that they maintain a clearance between the bars of 1 to 1.5 mm.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the size distribution of at least two different types of fluorescent or fluorescently stained particles in a sample by radiating light into a stream of singled particles and recording and analyzing both the scattered light and the fluorescent light. A relative particle size distribution for each individual particle type (T.sub.k) is calculated and then the relative particle size distribution for the individual particle types is normalized forming a joint relative particle size distribution of the at least two particle types with respect to one another.

Abstract: A bar for a rotary grate is of T-section and has an enlarged head and a fin projecting inwardly therefrom. The head is formed with an end face directed outward from the fin and a pair of substantially parallel side faces extending inward obliquely from the end face. The side faces extend at an angle of between 40.degree. and 75.degree., preferably about 60.degree., to the end face. Thus air exiting from inside the roller-grate drum flows obliquely to a radius from the drum-rotation axis. This ensures that even if the material being burned does not form a continuous layer on the surface of the roller, the air will be likely to impinge this material. The fin extends generally centrally from the head and has a centerline that generally bisects the head. The bar has ends formed with blocks projecting to opposite sides of the bar so that blocks of adjacent bars can interfit.

Abstract: A drum-shaped grate of an incinerator includes a plurality of cylindrical drums, the grate covering of which is formed of a plurality of suspended middle grate bars which are combined in segments and arrested by fixed grate bars. The adjacent grate bars in the circular direction are suspended on bar carriers and the lateral faces of each two adjacent grate bars are spaced from each other by spacers. The surfaces of the spacers positioned between each two adjacent grate bars and abutting against each other are flat and smooth. Due to a possible relative displacement of the middle grate bars in their longitudinal direction owing to the placing of the spacers between the adjacent bars a clogging of the air slots formed between the grate bars would be prevented.