Abstract: A control device for an electronic aerosol provision system is provided. The control device is configured to receive a replaceable component to form an electronic aerosol provision system. The control device includes a communication interface for performing communications external to the electronic aerosol provision system; a memory configured to hold a set of stored identifiers; and a control system. The control system is configured to: receive control information from a remote server via the communication interface; update the set of stored identifiers based on the control information received from the remote server; receive an identifier from a replaceable component received by the control device; make a comparison of the received identifier against the set of stored identifiers; and perform a control action for the electronic aerosol provision system dependent upon the result of said comparison.

Abstract: A method of operating an aerosol generating apparatus is disclosed. The method includes sensing, at a first sensor of a sensor arrangement, a first indicia of an article including aerosolizable medium; sensing, at a second sensor of the sensor arrangement spaced a predetermined distance from the first sensor, a second indicia of the article; determining a distance between the first indicia and the second indicia; and operating the aerosol generating apparatus based at least on the distance between the first indicia and the second indicia.

Abstract: A control device for an electronic aerosol provision system is provided. The control device is configured to receive a replaceable component to form an electronic aerosol provision system. The control device includes a communication interface for performing communications external to the electronic aerosol provision system; a memory configured to hold a set of stored identifiers; and a control system. The control system is configured to: receive control information from a remote server via the communication interface; update the set of stored identifiers based on the control information received from the remote server; receive an identifier from a replaceable component received by the control device; make a comparison of the received identifier against the set of stored identifiers; and perform a control action for the electronic aerosol provision system dependent upon the result of said comparison.

Abstract: An electronic vapor provision system includes a control unit configured to provide power from a battery in the control unit to components of the system, and including a controller configured to control components of the system; and an aerosolizable substrate material carrying portion separably connectable to the control unit to obtain power from the battery, and including a first electrical circuit including a characteristic-carrying element; and a second electrical circuit including a vapor generating element configured to generate an inhalable vapor from an aerosolizable substrate material; wherein: the second electrical circuit can be selectively provided with power from the battery when power is supplied to the aerosolizable substrate material carrying portion; and the controller is configured to operate in a first mode in which a characteristic of the characteristic-carrying element is determined by providing power from the battery to the first electrical circuit, and in a second mode in which the vapor

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a sensing element is provided, in particular for determining the oxygen content in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, a composite construction having at least one ceramic paste (green film) present in film form being sintered to yield the sensing element, and sharp edges of the sensing element being blunted before sintering to increase the thermal shock resistance of the sensing element.

Abstract: A gas sensor, in particular a lambda probe, for ascertaining the pollutant and/or oxygen content in emission gases of internal combustion engines, having a housing accommodating at least one sensor element, the sensor element having a section on the terminal side and a section on the measuring-gas side, and having a connecting element that connects the sensor element, which has a plurality of electrically conductive contact areas, at its terminal-side section to a plurality of electrically conductive supply leads. The gas sensor has the feature of a connecting element which is formed from a spring element produced in one piece from ceramic material.

Abstract: A sealing member is produced from form-pressed boron nitride powder, while adding an inorganic or organic binding agent. Such boron nitride powder is obtained during the machining of boron nitride blocks composed of hexagonal boron nitride. This powder can be fractionated according to particle size and the particle size desired for manufacturing the sealing member can be separated out.

Abstract: A method and computer system for controlling an industrial process are disclosed. The industrial process has problems which adversely effect its performance. A personal computer is programmed with a database and a custom application. The database contains data describing the attributes and performance of the process to be controlled. The custom application calculates the financial value of each of the problems. The calculation of the financial value of each problem takes into account the impact of each problem on the process bottleneck. The financial values of the problems are used to prioritize the problems, allowing them to be remedied in accordance with their priority.

Abstract: A method and computer system for controlling an industrial process are disclosed. The industrial process has problems which adversely effect its performance. A personal computer is programmed with a database and a custom application. The database contains data describing the attributes and performance of the process to be controlled. The custom application calculates the financial value of each of the problems. The calculation of the financial value of each problem takes into account market conditions which affect the amount of product which could be sold if made and the marginal profitability of the product and how much optimum process time each problem takes up. The financial values of the problems are used to prioritize the problems, allowing them to be remedied accordance with their priority.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for determining the oxygen content of gases of internal combustion engines includes a ceramic element that is inserted with a sealing ring into a housing. The sealing ring is built up from different metal layers. The arrangement of the metal layers proceeds from a metal support which is composed of a steel alloy. The sealing ring is covered on both sides with a roll-clad copper layer. A nickel layer can additionally be arranged beneath the copper layer.

Abstract: A Lambda probe type gas sensor for use in determining the oxygen content of exhaust gases produced by an internal combustion engine includes a sensor element of the electrochemical, solid electrolyte, metallic oxide semiconductor or Lambda air-fuel ratio variety, which sensor element is arranged in a metallic housing and is contacted by connecting cables that are brought out of the metallic housing. These connecting cables are each surrounded by cable insulation that is made of PTFE (Polytetra-fluoroethylene). The surface of the cable insulation has, at least in certain areas, a gas-permeable section that allows a reference atmosphere to arrive inside the cable insulation and, from there, in the metallic housing. The gas-permeable section, on the other hand, prevents ingress of liquids such as fuel, condensed water, etc., This is achieved, for example, by an additionally applied, PTFE film that is placed over the gas-permeable section.

Abstract: A seal for a sensor element for a gas sensor for determining the oxygen content in a gas to be measured including exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, the seal including a metallic housing having defined therein a longitudinal bore; a sensor element inserted into the longitudinal bore; and a sealing arrangement provided in the longitudinal bore, surrounding at least a portion of the sensor element, and comprised of at least one seal element comprised of steatite and an additional seal element comprised of boron nitride arranged in contact with one another and in a stack having a side near the gas to be measured so that, when there is one seal element comprised of steatite, the one seal element comprised of steatite is positioned on the side of the stack near the gas to be measured, and so that, when there are two seal elements comprised of steatite, the additional seal element is positioned between the two seal elements comprised of steatite, wherein the at least one seal element comprised of steatit

Abstract: A seal for a sensor element of a gas sensor for determining the oxygen content in gases including exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, which seal seals the sensor element in a longitudinal bore of a housing, the seal including a sealing stack which is positioned within the longitudinal bore of the housing and around the sensor element in use and which is comprised of two sealing bodies and an additional seal positioned between the two sealing bodies. The two sealing bodies are comprised of a pre-sintered ceramic material. The additional seal is comprised of a pre-pressed powder material and has a porosity which is lower than that of the two sealing bodies. The two sealing bodies and the additional seal are compressed together within the longitudinal bore in use, whereby at least the additional seal is deformed so that the sensor element is sealed in a gap-free manner within the longitudinal bore.