Abstract: A method includes: determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs; detecting at least one malfunctioning electrical energy storage pack of the electrical energy storage system; determining an uncertainty measure for each of the determined state of health's; concluding to replace the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than a minimum state of health, and electrical energy storage packs that are concluded to be malfunctioning, evaluating the determined state of health's and the corresponding uncertainties for maintained electrical energy storage packs and a set of replacement electrical energy storage packs to find a combination of maintained electrical energy storage packs and replacement electrical energy storage packs that fulfil energy and power requirements for the vehicle taking the uncertainties in state of health into account; determining a new configuration of the electrical energy storage system including the combination of maintained electrical e

Abstract: A switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load. The switching arrangement includes a contactor for each battery pack. The contactors connect and disconnect the battery packs relative to the load by closing and opening, respectively, an electric arc reducing circuitry associated to one of the contactors. The switching arrangement is configured to electrically disconnect the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last.

Abstract: A method for determining an electrical energy storage pack replacement configuration of a propulsion electrical energy storage of a vehicle, the method includes: classifying a vehicle usage type using vehicle driving pattern data of the vehicle as input data; determining a minimum state of health required for usage according to the classified vehicle usage type; determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs of the vehicle; concluding a replacement of the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than the minimum state of health; determining a load distribution between electrical energy storage packs after reconfiguration including replacement electrical energy storage packs and maintained electrical energy storage packs; and once electrical energy storage pack replacement is performed, determining a load sharing factor indicative of a load distribution between the electrical energy storage packs, and depending on the outcome of comparing the load sharing facto

Abstract: A method for operating a switching arrangement of an energy storage system, the energy storage system comprising a plurality of parallelly arranged battery packs and the switching arrangement comprising an associated contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative a load by closing and opening, respectively. The method comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which one contactor is opened last and thereby subject to increased disconnection wear, controlling the sequence in which the battery packs are disconnected in such a way that the increased disconnection wear is accounted for and used to distribute contactor wear among the contactors during subsequent disconnections of the battery packs from the load.

Abstract: A method for predicting an electric load imparted on each battery unit in an electric energy storage system comprising at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel to each other. The method comprises establishing a battery parameter set, the battery parameter set comprising at least the following values for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system: an internal ohmic resistance value indicative of the internal ohmic resistance of the battery unit and an open circuit voltage value indicative of the open circuit voltage of the battery unit, using an electric load level indicative of a total electric energy storage system load, and using the electric load level and the battery parameter set for predicting the imparted load on each battery unit in the electric energy storage system.

Abstract: A method for determining an electric energy storage system state-of-power value.

Abstract: A method for estimating a capacity of a battery unit in an energy storage system of a vehicle is provided. The method includes during at least a first no-load condition of the battery unit, measuring a terminal voltage of the battery unit at a number of points in time to determine a transient voltage response of the battery unit, from the transient voltage response of the battery unit during at least the first no-load condition, estimating at least a first value of an open circuit voltage of the battery unit by means of a battery model, and estimating the capacity of the battery unit based on at least the estimated at least first value of the open circuit voltage.

Abstract: A switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load. The switching arrangement includes a contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative the load by closing and opening, respectively, an electric arc reducing circuitry associated to one of the contactors, wherein the switching arrangement is configured to electrically disconnect the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last.

Abstract: A method for operating a switching arrangement of an energy storage system, the energy storage system comprising a plurality of parallelly arranged battery packs and the switching arrangement comprising an associated contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative a load by closing and opening, respectively. The method comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which one contactor is opened last and thereby subject to increased disconnection wear, controlling the sequence in which the battery packs are disconnected in such a way that the increased disconnection wear is accounted for and used to distribute contactor wear among the contactors during subsequent disconnections of the battery packs from the load.

Abstract: A method for estimating or predicting an internal battery state of at least one battery unit within an electric energy storage system, such as in a vehicle. The method includes obtaining operational data of the electric energy storage system relating to operating conditions of the electric energy storage system, feeding the obtained operational data to a non-linear state observer adapted to estimate and/or predict the internal battery state of the at least one battery unit in a series of time steps, such that an observer error of the non-linear state observer converges towards zero, or towards a value close to zero, based on at least the obtained operational data, estimating or predicting the internal battery state using the non-linear state observer.

Abstract: A method for controlling electrical connection of a plurality of battery packs of an electric energy storage system of a vehicle to a load during operation of the vehicle, the plurality of battery packs being configured to be selectively connected in parallel to the load. Based on at least an operational mode of the electric energy storage system and on the voltage of each one of the battery packs, and by allowing simultaneous connection of at least two battery packs to the load, proposing a connection sequence for electrically connecting at least a subset of the plurality of battery packs to the load. Prior to connecting at least the subset of battery packs to the load, and based on at least an internal resistance of each one of the battery packs within at least the subset of battery packs, determining whether the proposed connection sequence fulfils a predetermined connection condition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for management of an energy storage system (ESS) of a vehicle, wherein said vehicle comprises a vehicle control unit (VCU) and an energy storage control management unit (ESCM), wherein said ESS comprises at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel to each other.

Abstract: A method for estimating a capacity of an electrical energy storage device with higher accuracy than what is provided in the prior art. The uncertainties in measured electrical current or voltage used in the estimation of the capacity of the electrical energy storage device are at least partly compensated for by using a bias compensated capacity estimator instead of the often-used prior art capacity estimator. The accuracy of the voltage and/or electric current sensor becomes of less importance which leads to that less complicated and less costly sensors may be used and to improve accuracy of the estimated energy storage capacity. The above advantages are obtained by providing a bias compensated capacity estimator that includes at least one bias term which is related to a deviation of an expected value of an original capacity estimator from a true capacity value.

Abstract: A method for estimating a capacity of an electrical energy storage device with higher accuracy than what is provided in the prior art. The uncertainties in measured electrical current or voltage used in the estimation of the capacity of the electrical energy storage device are at least partly compensated for by using a bias compensated capacity estimator instead of the often-used prior art capacity estimator. The accuracy of the voltage and/or electric current sensor becomes of less importance which leads to that less complicated and less costly sensors may be used and to improve accuracy of the estimated energy storage capacity. The above advantages are obtained by providing a bias compensated capacity estimator that includes at least one bias term which is related to a deviation of an expected value of an original capacity estimator from a true capacity value.