Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a depth in a borehole penetrating the earth includes: a global positioning system (GPS) receiver disposed at a platform configured for conducting operations related to the borehole, the GPS receiver being configured to receive GPS signals related to a location of the GPS receiver; and a processor coupled to the GPS receiver and configured to estimate the depth in the borehole using GPS location data received from the GPS receiver.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a depth in a borehole penetrating the earth includes: a global positioning system (GPS) receiver disposed at a platform configured for conducting operations related to the borehole, the GPS receiver being configured to receive GPS signals related to a location of the GPS receiver; and a processor coupled to the GPS receiver and configured to estimate the depth in the borehole using GPS location data received from the GPS receiver.

Abstract: A process is described for mechanically analyzing connected Chinese text and isolating the words comprising the text. The process uses a dictionary, straightforward rules dealing with punctuation, a method for identifying all words in a string of Chinese text and resolving overlapping words into a set of adjacent words for the input text through successively stricter filtering mechanisms that eliminate illogical segmentations, and a method for resolving ambiguities.

Abstract: A computer method is disclosed for using rewrite rules of the form X(Y)Z=(R) where X is the left context, Y is the body of the rule, Z is the right context and R is the replacement value for Y if the rule is successful. The method places restrictions on how the rules are defined to make it possible to organize the rules so that they can be indexed efficiently. In particular, the body of the rules is not allowed to be defined in generic terms, whereas this restriction is not applied to the left and right context of the rules. The rules are scanned so that the first rule that matches the body and its context is the one that applies. Ordering the rules into a hierarchy makes it possible to have exceptions to any particular rule. The method encompasses a model where the rules are applied to any input string. When no rules apply to any character of the input string, a default rule to copy the string is applied. This guarantees that the process will always terminate and that it will be loop-free.

Abstract: A computer method is disclosed to isolate linguistically salient strings ("words") from a natural language text stream. The process is applicable to a variety of computer hardware, to any character encoding scheme, and to the idiosyncrasies of most natural languages.

Abstract: An improved natural language text parser is disclosed which provides syntactic analysis of text using a fast and compact technique. Sequential steps of word isolation, morphological analysis and dictionary look-up combined with a complement grammar analysis, are applied to an input data stream of woods. Word expert rules, verb group analysis and clause analysis are then applied to provide an output data structure where the words in the input data stream are associated with appropriate phrase markings. The principle of operation of the parser is applicable to a variety of Indo-European languages and provides a faster and more compact technique for parsing in a data processor than has been available in the prior art.

Abstract: Correctly spelled compound words are provided as candidates to replace a misspelled compound word in many natural languages such as Dutch, Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Swiss German, etc. The basic technique consists of looking up words in a dictionary by the association of component flags with each possible constituent word within the misspelled compound word as well as with the possible replacement candidates for each letter string between these possible constituent words, and by the application of powerful tree-scanning techniques that isolate the possible components of a compound word and determine their correctness in isolation and association of each other.

Abstract: A computer method is disclosed for analyzing text by employing a model known as a paradigm, that provides all the inflectional forms of a word. A file structure is created consisting of two components, a list of words (a dictionary), each word of which is associated with a set of paradigm references, and the file of paradigms consisting of grammatical categories paired with their corresponding ending or affix portions (known as the desinence) specifying tense, mood, number, gender or other linguistic attribute. A computer method is disclosed for generating the file structure of the dictionary by generating all forms of the words from a list of standard forms of the words (known as the lemma) which is generally the infinitive of a verb or the singular form of a noun, the lemmas being generated with their corresponding paradigms.

Abstract: Romance language verbs are frequently modified by the addition of pronouns called enclitic pronouns. The pronouns can only be added within prescribed grammatical constraints and affect the spelling and, sometimes, the accentuation of the verbs. Many linguistic processes for which automation is desirable, such as synonym look-up or grammatical analysis, require identification of the unmodified verb forms. The methods described herein make is possible to convert a verb modified by enclitic pronouns to its unmodified form.

Abstract: A computer method is disclosed for ranking word similarities which is applicable to a variety of dictionary applications such as synonym generation, linguistic analysis, document characterization, etc. The method is based upon transforming an input word string into a key word which s invariant for certain types of errors in the input word, such as the doubling of letters, consonant/vowel transpositions, consonant/consonant transpositions. The specific mapping technique is a morphological mapping which generates keys which will have similarities that can be detected during a subsequent ranking procedure. The mapping is defined such that unique consonants of the input word are listed in their original order followed by the unique vowels for the input words, also in their original order. The keys thus generated will be invariant for consonant/vowel transpositions or doubled letters.

Abstract: This invention describes a method for automatically verifying spelling of compound words in many natural languages such as German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic, Afrikaans, Swiss German, etc. The basic technology of looking up words in a dictionary is supplemented by the association of component flags with each word and by the application of powerful tree-scanning techniques that isolate the components of compound words and determine their correctness in isolation and in association with each other. The technique can be used in word processing systems to support spelling verification, to hyphenate text, and to unhyphenate text.