Abstract: The present invention relates to typically homogeneous gel-like cellulose-based fiber products which do not contain hemicellulose but may nevertheless contain lignin. The invention relates also to a method for the production of such fibrous products, in which microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is mixed into oil or water to form a fiber mixture, and is degraded into homogeneous form by mechanical treatment.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: A method and communication system, are discussed, including a plurality of communication nodes connected by a data link, and a communication controller configured to allocate link-level addresses to the communication nodes. The communication nodes may be identified for communications over the data link. The communication controller is further configured to change from time to time the link-level addresses allocated to each communication node and to transmit the newly allocated link-level address to a respective communication node in an encrypted form.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: This invention relates to detecting a pilot tone in an optical fiber. In the method described in the invention, computational complexity is reduced significantly by almost completely removing the need to carry out multipli-cations. To calculate certain spectral components of DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) only a few multiplications are required. The idea is that for de-tecting one pilot tone, it is adequate to calculate one spectral component of DFT if a specific ratio can be chosen between the pilot tone frequency and the sample rate of the receiver.

Abstract: A communication system comprising: a plurality of communication nodes connected by a data link; a communication controller for allocating link-level addresses to the communication nodes whereby the nodes may be identified for communications over the link; the communication controller being arranged to change from time to time the addresses allocated to each communication node and transmit the newly allocated address to the respective node in encrypted form.

Abstract: A solution for detecting and recovering from a failure in a protected single-fiber passive optical network. A detector is used to detect the degradation in power level of optical signals. Furthermore, the invention discloses a variable symmetric split ratio approach to improve the number of splits (e.g. the number of ONUs). A single-fiber passive optical network is disclosed that uses a plurality of passive nodes connected in the optical fiber between the interfaces, wherein in the passive nodes 2-by-2 splitters/combiners are used to couple optical power from and into the optical fiber at a predetermined split ratio.

Abstract: Interworking of optical protection in an optical network and IP-layer protection in the Internet is achieved by configuring optical links to form a part of a ring network and by arranging different protection types for different links. Each optical link is provided with an appropriate protection level corresponding to the nature of Internet traffic being transmitted over the link. The highest protection level is achieved with 1+1 protection. The optical layer can offer this protection for high priority Internet traffic that does not tolerate delay. The middle and the low protection level are achieved with 1:1 protection. The low protection level of a link does not guarantee uninterrupted transmission of the Internet traffic, in case of link failure caused by a fiber cut. Optical signaling at the optical layer takes care of protection wherein the IP-layer does not know when protection actions are carried out.

Abstract: This invention relates to detecting a pilot tone in an optical fiber. In the method described in the invention, computational complexity is reduced significantly by almost completely removing the need to carry out multipli-cations. To calculate certain spectral components of DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) only a few multiplications are required. The idea is that for de-tecting one pilot tone, it is adequate to calculate one spectral component of DFT if a specific ratio can be chosen between the pilot tone frequency and the sample rate of the receiver.