Abstract: An arrangement for providing a waveform for driving an ion mobility device. The arrangement comprises at least a plurality of switching circuits, each switching circuit comprising at least two switches operatively coupled to a first voltage source (VH), wherein the plurality of switching circuits is arranged to be coupled in parallel with respect to each other. The arrangement additionally comprises an interleaving circuit configured to receive a time-varying electrical input signal exhibiting an input frequency and based on said input signal, operate the plurality of switching circuits to provide a waveform via the switches, said waveform exhibiting a switching frequency that is essentially equivalent to the input frequency.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes an input to receive an aerosol sample, a modifier unit to provide a modified sample by removing particles of the aerosol sample, and a sensor unit to measure a spectral profile by detecting molecules of the gas phase of the modified sample, wherein the spectral profile is a mobility spectrum or a mass spectrometer spectrum, the modifier unit is arranged to generate a corona discharge, to form charged particles by charging particles of the aerosol sample with the corona discharge, and to provide the modified sample by removing the charged particles with an electric field, the particle removal efficiency of the modifier unit has a cutoff size to prevent propagation of particles larger than the cutoff size to the sensor unit, and the cutoff size is in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to be used in producing easily volatile metals from their sulfides. The method employs two closely connected furnaces, a reduction furnace and a converter, which are operated at normal pressure, so that the material transfer therebetween is arranged to be carried out continuously at normal pressure through the channels provided in between the furnaces. As a result of chemical reactions taking place in the furnaces, the hydrostatic pressure in the furnaces changes, and the circulations caused by these changes through the channels at the same time bring about recycling of the sulfide matte needed in the process from the reduction furnace to the converter and the recycling of the molten metal from the converter to the reduction furnace.

Abstract: A method for treatment of process waste obtained from the synthesis of thiophene or its derivatives, which method produces phosphorus pentasulfide of sufficiently high purity for recycling in said synthesis process, as well as a residue material suited for use as a raw material for fertilizers. In the treatment method, the process waste is subjected to vacuum evaporation in a combination heating/evaporation reactor at 500.degree.-700.degree. C. and under a partial vacuum of 0.01-0.2 atm. To improve the yield of the evaporating phosphorus pentasulfide, sulfur is added to the process waste. The evaporating phosphorus pentasulfide is condensed, and when desired, pulverized. The usable, phosphorus- and potassium-containing evaporation residue is removed from the reactor and cooled for further use.