Abstract: This disclosure relates to network assisted coordination for user equipment (UE) with multi-steer capabilities (e.g., DualSteer capabilities). A node of a core network may establish a multi-steer protocol data unit (PDU) session for a first UE and a second UE. The node may include a processor configured to determine a multi-steer ID for the first UE and receive a PDU session request from the second UE indicating a multi-steer session type. The processor may be further configured to retrieve the multi-steer ID for the first UE based on receiving the PDU session request and to associate the PDU session request with a session management function (SMF) of the core network based on the multi-steer ID. The processor may be further configured to send a request to establish the multi-steer PDU session for the second UE using the SMF.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: A method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, for selecting a local network for the WTRU to join includes storing steering of roaming, SoR, information for a plurality of local service hosting networks, wherein the SoR information includes an indication of a priority order in a list of network identifiers, switching to an access mode for network searching, searching for a local service hosting network to join from among the plurality of local service hosting networks, and selecting a local service hosting network to join based on the indication of the priority order in the list of network identifiers. The method may further include updating the SoR information during any one or more of a periodic procedure or a mobility registration procedure.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for proximity services (ProSe) support in stand-alone non-public networks are described. A wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, receives, from a further WTRU, a request for communication, the request for communication comprising information indicative of key data associated with the further WTRU, transmits, to a first network, a request for access for the further WTRU to a further network, the request for access comprising information indicative of the key data, receives, from the first network, a response message comprising information indicative of an authentication result and of the key data, in case the information indicative of the authentication result indicates successful authentication, transmits a request for at least one key for the further WTRU, receives security credentials for the further WTRU, and transmits, to the further WTRU, the received security credentials.

Abstract: Systems, methods, devices, and instrumentalities are described herein related to using an application identifier to identify an application instance running on a WTRU and providing special QoS treatment per application instance. A device (e.g., an enabler server) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may receive a first message. The first message may include an application instance identifier and state information. The device may send, to a first network node, a second message. The second message may include the application instance identifier and the state information. The device may receive, from a second network node, a third message. The third message may include the application instance identifier and a change of state request notification. The device may receive a change of state notification. The device may send, to the second network node, a fourth message.

Abstract: A network node receives a first service request, which includes service pattern information and a second service request. Further, the network node selects a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) reader from among one or more candidate WTRUs. Also, the network node determines a WTRU state management strategy based on the service pattern information and the second service request. Further, the network node transmits, to the selected WTRU reader, a third service request in a first radio resource control (RRC) message. Moreover, the third service request is an ambient-power-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) (AIoT) service request and includes the second service request. Further, the network node receives, from the selected WTRU reader, an AIoT service response in a second RRC message. Additionally or alternatively, the network node may forward the received AIoT service response to an AIoT function (AIoTF) node. Further, the first service request is received from the AIoTF node.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for handling of RAT utilization under disaster conditions. The WTRU registers with a first public land mobile network (PLMN) on a first radio access technology (RAT). The WTRU receives, from the first PLMN, information indicating that a restriction on a second RAT is applicable for the first PLMN. The WTRU receives information indicating that the first PLMN is under a disaster condition. The WTRU transmits a registration request to a second PLMN. The WTRU receives a registration rejection message from the second PLMN. The WTRU receives, from the second PLMN, information indicating that the restriction on the second RAT is not applicable for the first PLMN. The WTRU registers with the first PLMN on the second RAT.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for secure policy provisioning includes receiving a network message including new policy information, a first policy message authentication code (MAC) generated by a network (P-MAC-N), and a policy protection counter (PPC). The WTRU generates a second policy MAC using a security key shared with the network, the new policy information, and the PPC, and verifies the integrity of the network message by determining that the P-MAC-N matches the second policy MAC. After the verification, the WTRU updates the previous policy information of the WTRU using the new policy information based on the match of the P-MAC-N and the second policy MAC.

Abstract: A procedure is provided on how a target WTRU and LMF negotiate for supported WTRU initiated positioning method, and how the target WTRU discovers reference WTRUs for SL positioning and perform proper SL positioning with multiple reference WTRUs. A procedure is provided on how to perform SL positioning between target WTRU and reference WTRUs in coordination with LMF. The proper SL positioning method may be updated when the available number of reference WTRUs change. Each WTRU positioning method needs a different number of reference WTRUs for SL positioning. As the WTRU moves around, there may not be enough reference WTRUs available for SL positioning. A negotiation may be considered between the WTRU and network for a positioning method to be employed. When certain WTRU positioning methods are not possible, the requested positioning method may be updated to one or more other available positioning methods.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). A WTRU receives, from a primary network, information indicating a plurality of secondary networks and a network selection policy, wherein the network selection policy comprises one or more trigger conditions for connecting to a secondary network and one or more criteria for selecting a secondary network from the plurality of secondary networks. The WTRU establishes a first PDU session with the primary network. The WTRU detects a trigger condition from the one or more trigger conditions and in response to detecting the trigger condition, the WTRU selects a secondary network based on the one or more criteria. The WTRU performs a registration procedure on the selected secondary network and establish a concurrent second PDU session with the selected secondary network.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for managing the context of an AIoT device at an AMF. The process starts when the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) receives an inventory request from an Application Function (AF), identifying the AIoT device and providing context preservation instructions. The AMF retrieves the device's subscription information and informs the AIoT device that it is the serving node. The AMF then creates and stores the device's context information to manage its connectivity within the network. To handle the inventory request, the AMF sends a request to the AIoT device via a base station and receives a response, which is forwarded to the AF. After responding to the AF, the AMF decides if the device's context should be deleted. If so, the AMF may send a de-registration notification to the AIoT device and/or AF, terminating the device's connection to the network.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for providing a sensing service in an integrated sensing and communication network are disclosed. Sensing entities in the network are assigned to one or more groups. A first group of sensing entities provides a set of sensing measurements, and a sensing result is determined from those measurements. The quality of the sensing result is compared to a required quality of the sensing service. If the sensing result falls below the required quality of service, a second set of entities is activated to provide a second set of measurements. An updated sensing result is determined based on the first and second set of sensing measurements. The efficiency of the sensing service is improved owing to the second group of sensing entities only being activated when the first set of sensing entities fail to provide the required quality of sensing service.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are solutions to remediate a distributed denial of service attack. In an example, a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) transmits, to a network, a first attach request message including an store and forward (S&F) mode parameter. The WTRU receives, from the network, information indicating a puzzle and one or more parameters of the puzzle. Further, the WTRU generates evidence based on solving the puzzle. Moreover, the WTRU transmits, to the network, a second attach request message including the evidence. In an example, the WTRU receives, from the network, an attach reject message responsive to the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU receives, from the network, the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the network is a non-terrestrial network (NTN). Additionally or alternatively, the network includes a satellite. Additionally or alternatively, the includes a mobility management entity (MME) non-terrestrial (NT).

Abstract: A WTRU Reader assists AIoT devices by collecting AIoT device responses that are triggered by a BS Reader and forwards the AIoT device responses to the BS Reader. The BS reader collects capability information from WTRU Readers. The WTRU Reader is configured by the BS Reader with the information needed to perform AIoT device assistance, including time slot information. When the BS Reader triggers an AIoT device, the WTRU Reader monitors for AIoT responses, and forwards received response to the BS Reader.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities for application layer support for no-transmit zone (NTZ) enforcement. An example a network node may be used for supporting NTZ enforcement. The network node may determine a cell in which NTZ enforcement applies, and coordinates of an NTZ area, wherein the cell is associated with the NTZ area. The network node may determine an NTZ policy, where in the NTZ policy is associated with the NTZ area. The network node may send, to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), NTZ configuration information that indicates the cell in which NTZ enforcement applies, the coordinates of the NTZ area, a transition area, the NTZ area, and one or more parameters associated with the NTZ enforcement. The network node may receive, from the WTRU, a notification that indicates that the WTRU is out of the NTZ area.

Abstract: A wireless network tracks a target object using multiple sensing entities. Upon receiving a sensing service request and path information, the network identifies relevant entities and assigns them to specific groups, each associated with distinct sensing service areas. The entities are configured for sensing operations and activated based on a location of the target object. Entities in a first sensing service area are activated to collect measurements, which are then used to determine a sensing result. As the target moves to a different sensing service area, the corresponding group of entities is activated to continue tracking. The process includes updating a state of the entities and configuring them with assistance information. The entities can be wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) or base stations. Methods for tracking a target object using sensing entities in different service areas, and activating operations based on detected movements and results are also provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for paging retransmission. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive, from a network node, a message comprising device information and paging configuration information. The paging configuration information may include paging retransmission instructions. The paging retransmission instructions may comprise a first instruction indicative of retransmission not required, a second instruction indicative of retransmission required, and a third instruction indicative of conditional retransmission required. The WTRU transmit, based on the device information, to a group of devices, a first paging message. Based on receiving one or more paging responses or receiving no responses, the WTRU may transmit, based on the paging retransmission instructions, a second paging message with an indication of paging retransmission.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to methods, architectures, apparatuses, and systems for USIM association in a WTRU with DualSteer capabilities. The WTRU may physically include two (or more) separate user equipments (UEs) in one physical device, or it may logically couple at least two separate UEs into a logical device. A trigger condition prompts the WTRU to cause the wireless network to register each UE using association information that connects the respective UEs to each other and to the WTRU. The wireless network authorizes the WTRU to perform DualSteer functions using each of the UEs for a duration of time during which the association is valid. The WTRU performs DualSteer functions until the time duration lapses or there is a trigger to disassociate the UEs. These DualSteer functions include at least switching, steering, splitting, or duplicating communications between the WTRU and the wireless network.

Abstract: A wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) may be provisioned with a shared key and a WTRU identity. The WTRU may receive, from a network equipment on board the satellite, broadcasted parameters of a puzzle. The WTRU may generate evidence based on solving the puzzle and injecting the shared secret key into the evidence. The WTRU may send, to the network equipment on board the satellite, a registration request message. The registration request message may include the generated evidence and the WTRU identity. The WTRU may receive, from the network equipment on board the satellite, a registration accept responsive to the registration request.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receiver unit (WTRU) is configured with PC5 Signaling by a ProSe layer and for ranging and sidelink (SL) positioning. The WTRU is further configured to initiate a connection setup for SL positioning with a relay WTRU when the target WTRU is out of coverage. The WTRU locates potential relay WTRUs having a known location within a network. The WTRU connects to one relay WTRU via SL positioning and receives from the relay WTRU a deferred mobile terminated location request or a periodic location request for the target WTRU location information. The WTRU may further receive a location request from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) or a Location Management Function (LMF) in a network, wherein the AMF/LMF sends the location request to the target WTRU via the relay WTRU.