Abstract: One or more devices, methods, and/or systems may be designed to implement communication with ambient internet of things (AIoT) devices in low or no-energy scenarios. For example, a reader may send a signal to one or more AIoT devices, then at least one of the one or more AIoT devices may response. The reader may be configured such that it can send the response of the at least one AIoT device to a network.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed for a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) to manage its serving as a personal Internet-of-things network (PIN) element with Gateway Capability (PEGC) when network connection becomes unavailable. In response to Non access stratum (NAS) signaling received indicating unavailability of connection to a 5G network, the WTRU is triggered to respond with NAS signaling indicating information elements such as the WTRU is a PEGC and a PIN ID. The response may be a de-registration message, PDU session release message, uplink transport message registration or a registration for network slice selection assistance information (NSSAI) excluding a single slice (S-NSSAI) associated with the PDU session. The information elements may include reasons the WTRU cannot serve as PEGC, a time of expected unavailability, the PIN ID and other information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for hosting network overload and/or congestion handling (e.g., for closed access group (CAG) cells providing local services). A device (e.g., a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may determine a local service identifier associated with a first closed access group (CAG) and a second CAG. The device may send a first registration request to the first CAG based on the local service identifier. The device may receive a first message (e.g. in response to the first registration request), including an indication that the registration with the first CAG is rejected, a cause code, and a back-off value. The device may send a second registration request to the second CAG based on the indication that the registration with the first CAG is rejected, the cause code, and the back-off value.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for sidelink positioning operations based on interaction between a location management function (LMF) and a sidelink positioning service wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). Sidelink (SL) positioning operations may be performed based on an interaction between a network entity and a SL positioning server WTRU. The WTRU may receive configuration information associated with SL positioning assistance. The WTRU may send a positioning service message to a network entity. The WTRU may determine an SL positioning service request associated with a target WTRU. The WTRU may determine positioning service information. The positioning service may be associated with the target WTRU. The WTRU may receive a message from the network entity, where the message may include a candidate list of SL reference WTRUs (e.g., first candidate list of SL reference WTRUs). The determined SL reference WTRU may be from the candidate list of SL reference WTRUs.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for handling ambient internet of things (AIoT) command procedures in a network, such as the 5G core network (5GC), are described. One method may include receiving a first command request associated with multiple target AIoT devices, sending an inventory request to a RAN node, receiving device inventory response(s), sending second command requests targeted for a respective target AIoT device from the multiple target AIoT devices, receiving a plurality of command responses each respectively associated with the respective target AIoT device, and sending a command report comprising an aggregation of the command responses and indicating a respective identifier associated with the multiple target AIoT devices from which a command response was received.

Abstract: A sidelink (SL) positioning client wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may discover a target WTRU and SL reference WTRUs. In an example, an SL position client WTRU may receive at least one of a non-access stratum (NAS) status of a target WTRU or a NAS status of one or more SL reference WTRUs. The SL position client WTRU may select one or more SL reference WTRUS based on the at least one of the NAS status of the target WTRU or the NAS status of the one or more SL reference WTRUs. The SL position client WTRU may select between the target WTRU and an SL reference WTRU, of the selected SL reference WTRUs, to receive an SL positioning service request. The SL position client WTRU may transmit, to the target WTRU or the SL reference WTRU selected to receive the SL positioning service request, the SL positioning service request.

Abstract: Network slice-free procedures to request data connectivity resources by a WTRU (Wireless Transmit Receive Unit) are described. Methods include transmitting, to a network, a first non-access stratum (NAS) message including an indication of services the WTRU supports; receiving a second NAS message including a temporary address of an SMF the WTRU should use to establish data connectivity; initializing a timer based on the second NAS message; and triggering a registration procedure upon expiration of the timer.

Abstract: Method are disclosed for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to transition between a first wireless network, e.g., 6G network, and a second wireless network, e.g., 5G network, having different session management protocols. In one method, session management procedures are performed via non-access stratum (NAS) signaling that is carried in signalling radio bearers (SRBs) and then session management procedures are performed via application layer signaling that is carried in data radio bearers (DRBs) such that both types of session management procedures can relate to the same PDU session anchor (PSA) user plane function (UPF). The disclosed methods allow the WTRU to communicate via the same PSA UPF when moving between networks (e.g. moving between a 5G network and a 6G network) and consequently allow the WTRU to maintain the same IP address(es) when moving between the 5G network and 6G network. Various embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A first network device comprises a processor configured to receive a first inventory request, wherein the first inventory request may identify an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device and/or location information associated with the AIoT device. The processor may be configured to send a message to an AIoT data management (ADM) function to determine whether a second network device may be permitted to trigger an inventory procedure with the AIoT device, receive, from the AIoT ADM function, an indication that the second network device may be permitted to trigger the inventory procedure with the AIoT device, receive, from the AIoT ADM function, historical information associated with the AIoT device, determine a first radio access network (RAN) node for accessing the AIoT device based on the historical information associated with the AIoT device, and send a second inventory request to the first RAN node.

Abstract: Methods implemented by a WTRU are disclosed using service level signaling control via a user plane (UP) may include sending, to the network, a registration request with a list of services for authorization and configuration and receiving a registration response with list of authorized services and indication whether the establishment of a dedicated service configuration PDU session is pending or not. Based on the indication, if needed, a WTRU may send a PDU session setup request for a service configuration. The WTRU receives a PDU session setup response for service configuration which includes information for accessing a configuration server for configuration or configuration updates for the authorized services. In an example, the WTRU may access the configuration server for configuration update of the authorized services using security credentials received from the network. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for managing data collection (DC) sessions in a wireless network by a data collection function (DCF) is disclosed. The DCF monitors DC sessions using an abnormality detection mechanism and identifies issues based on notifications from application functions, wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs), or network functions. Detected abnormalities may relate to unmet application requirements, QoS/QoE violations, or predicted congestion. Based on predefined rules, the DCF determines and initiates corrective actions, such as modifying, pausing, or terminating a DC session. A configuration request is sent to the WTRUs, which respond with an outcome. The DCF then reports this outcome to the application function. Notifications may include metadata such as impacted locations, affected base stations, or QoS parameters. The method supports use cases including AI/ML model training and enables dynamic adaptation of reporting frequency, buffering, and retry behavior in response to network conditions.

Abstract: A method may be used by a radio access network node. The method comprises receiving a first registration request from a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) including a requested network slice. The method comprises sending a second registration request, including information indicating the requested network slice. The method comprises receiving a first registration response, including information indicating allowed network slice information. and sending a second registration response, including allowed network slice information. The method comprises receiving a first protocol data unit (PDU) session setup response including quality of service (QoS) flow and QoS parameter information associated with an allowed network slice.

Abstract: Various methods, systems, and apparatuses provide supporting, establishing, and/or managing a data plane (DP) in a network. The DP carries data between a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) and one or more core network functions (NFs) in a core network (CN). In that, one or more functionalities for establishing and/or managing one or more DP sessions may be configured in a new NF in the CN and/or an existing NF may be enhanced to provide the one or more functionalities related to the DP. The DP may facilitate transfer of data within the network when a data consumer and/or a data generator are within the network. An access and mobility management (AMF) and/or an enhanced AMF (eAMF) may facilitate the one or more DP sessions between the WTRU and the one or more existing (e.g., enhanced) core NFs and/or the new NF.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for sidelink positioning operations based on interaction between a location management function (LMF) and a sideiink positioning service wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). Sideiink (SL) positioning service operations may be performed based on an interaction between a client WTRU and a SL positioning server WTRU. A WTRU may receive a request that indicates to perform SL positioning service assistance for an SL positioning client WTRU. The WTRU may receive an SL positioning service request from the SL positioning client WTRU. The WTRU may request resource from a network entity. The WTRU may select an SL reference WTRU from a group of SL reference WTRUs. The WTRU may send an SL positioning response to the SL positioning client WTRU. The WTRU may send a response to the selected SL reference WTRU.

Abstract: As described herein there are one or more methods, systems, and/or device for managing packet data unit (PDU) sessions between a wireless transmit receive unit and a network (e.g., a node of the network, such as a base station). The network may have service based interfaces.

Abstract: The device may perform actions associated with non-3GPP access. The device may receive a registration request (e.g., from a VVTRU), for example, indicating a first duration. The registration request may be sent via a non-3GPP access network. The device may send a registration response, for example, that indicates that the first duration was accepted. The registration response may be sent based on the reception of the registration request via the non-3GPP access network and the registration request indicating the first duration. The device may determine that the VVTRU is unreachable, for example, based on a determination that a second duration has elapsed. The second duration may be associated with or equal to an unavailability period duration associated with the registration request. The device may send a loss of connectivity report.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) be used to provide Standalone Non-Public network (SNPN) selection based on a wireless signal threshold. The WTRU may receive configuration information, The configuration information may indicate one or more standalone non-public network (SNPN) identities and may indicate at least a received signal quality threshold. It may be determined that the WTRU supports a signal level enhanced network selection (SENSE) for an SNPN selection. A received signal may be measured when it is determined that the WTRU supports SENSE for the SNPN selection. The received signal may be associated with an SNPN identity from one or more SNPN identities. A message may be sent to a network node when the received signal associated with the SNPN satisfies the received signal quality threshold. The message may indicate a request to register the WTRU with the SNPN identity.

Abstract: A device (e.g., a WTRU, network device, such as a device comprising an access and mobility function (AMFi) may perform one or more of the following actions. The device may send a registration request via non-access stratus signaling. The registration request may include a first duration. The device may receive a registration accept message. The registration accept message may indicate whether the device is to inform the network entity when the WTRU is available. The device may determine that an unavailability event has ended. The WTRU may determine whether to inform the network entity that the WTRU is available. The device may send a registration update request, for example, based on a determination that the unavailability event has ended and a determination that the WTRU is to inform the network entity when the WTRU is available. The registration update request may indicate that the WTRU is available.

Abstract: This disclosure generally pertains to procedures, methods, architectures, apparatus, systems, devices, and computer program products for, and/or directed to the discovery and/or authorization of client Wireless Transmit/Receive Units (WTRUs) for sidelink positioning in a wireless network.

Abstract: A reader device may receive a request including a permanent device identifier (PDI) for an ambient-power-enabled internet of things (AIoT) device. The reader device may generate an encrypted temporary device identifier (ETDI) based on application of an encryption algorithm to the PDI. Further, the reader device may obtain a short-ETDI based on application of a bitmask to the ETDI. Also, the reader device may transmit, over a radio interface, a trigger message including the short-ETDI to the AIoT device. Moreover, the reader device may receive, over the radio interface, a random access (RA) response message including the short-ETDI from the AIoT device. In an example, the request may be an inventory request, and the inventory request may be received from an AIoT function. Further, the request may include an indication that encryption is supported by the AIoT device.