Abstract: A system includes a vacuum chamber, and a substrate in the vacuum chamber includes a target surface. At least one effusion cell is in the vacuum chamber, wherein the effusion cell contains a solid metal-organic precursor compound with a vapor pressure of less than about 10?2 Torr at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 300° C. The effusion cell is configured to sublime the solid metal-organic precursor compound at a sublimation temperature greater than about 0° C. and less than about 200° C. such that a stream of metal particles from the solid metal-organic precursor compound emanate from the effusion cell are directed toward to the target surface of the substrate to form a coating thereon.

Abstract: Detect duplicated questions using reverse gradient adversarial domain adaptation includes applying a general network to multiple general question pairs to obtain a first set of losses. A target domain network is applied to multiple domain specific network pairs to obtain a second set of losses. Further, a domain distinguishing network is applied to a set of domain specific questions and a set of general questions to obtain a third set of losses. A set of accumulated gradients is calculated from the first set of losses, the second set of losses, and the third set of losses. Multiple features are updated according to the set of accumulated gradients to train the target domain network.

Abstract: Detect duplicated questions using reverse gradient adversarial domain adaptation includes applying a general network to multiple general question pairs to obtain a first set of losses. A target domain network is applied to multiple domain specific network pairs to obtain a second set of losses. Further, a domain distinguishing network is applied to a set of domain specific questions and a set of general questions to obtain a third set of losses. A set of accumulated gradients is calculated from the first set of losses, the second set of losses, and the third set of losses. Multiple features are updated according to the set of accumulated gradients to train the target domain network.