Abstract: Disclosed is a multi-purpose secure and anonymous payment system based on a variety of cryptographic confidentiality, authentication, and privacy methods. Users pay anonymously over the Internet using their mobile phones supported by the secure SIM card. The SIM cards do not reveal any personal payment information that is not directly necessary for the transaction to either the merchant or the bank. The system allows configuration of different cryptographic methods or hardware components to allow proper balancing of any specific implementation while maintaining strong security and privacy. It is resilient to connection breakdowns and allows users and merchants to recover from such disruptions without maintaining complex transaction states on the SIM card and without financial losses to any of the parties. The system and protocols can also be configured for electronic cash payments with smart cards or software agents on the Internet or at conventional merchant sale terminals.

Abstract: A smart card authentication framework may include a card application applet (CAA), an authentication policy applet (APA), and an authentication technology applet (ATA). The CAA may provide a protected service for a user. The APA may provide an authentication-technology-independent user validation service for the CAA. The ATA may provide a technology-specific authentication service. In one embodiment, the CAA provides a first external interface, the ATA provides a second external interface and a first internal interface, and the APA provides a second internal interface. The ATA may receive a host request for user authentication via the second external interface, and the ATA may process the authentication request without participation by the CAA. The CAA may communicate with the APA via the first internal interface to determine whether the user is currently validated. If so, the CAA may provide the protected service for the host via the first external interface.

Abstract: An automatic, non-artificially extended, fault surface based horizon modeling method and apparatus produces a final faulted horizon model which is a three dimensional representation of a faulted earth formation including all the horizons and all the faults in response to seismic data, well log data, and fault surfaces and relationships data. The horizon modeling apparatus produces the final faulted horizon model by filtering input horizon data and removing bad (wrong-sided) data points.

Abstract: An automatic, non-artificially extended, fault surface based horizon modeling method and apparatus produces a final faulted horizon model which is a three dimensional representation of a faulted earth formation including all the horizons and all the faults in response to seismic data, well log data, and fault surfaces and relationships data. The horizon modeling apparatus produces the final faulted horizon model by filtering input horizon data and removing bad (wrong-sided) data points.