Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method for providing a resource to a particular virtual private cloud that is deployed in a set of datacenters that host multiple virtual private clouds. At a resource issuer, the method receives a resource request from a particular machine deployed in the particular virtual private cloud, the resource request including a first set of cloud-specific data. The method obtains a cloud identifier for the particular machine from a registry service of the particular virtual private cloud that interacts with a datacenter-set cloud service that deploys machines in the datacenter set for different virtual private clouds. The method uses the obtained cloud identifier to obtain a second set of cloud-specific data for the particular machine from the datacenter-set cloud service. Upon determining that the first and second sets of cloud-specific data match, the method authenticates the particular machine and issues the resource for the particular machine.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a method for WAN (wide area network) optimization for a WAN that connects multiple sites, each of which has at least one router. At a gateway router deployed to a public cloud, the method receives from at least two routers at least two sites, multiple data streams destined for a particular centralized datacenter. The method performs a WAN optimization operation to aggregate the multiple streams into one outbound stream that is WAN optimized for forwarding to the particular centralized datacenter. The method then forwards the WAN-optimized data stream to the particular centralized datacenter.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a novel method for deploying different virtual networks over several public cloud datacenters for different entities. For each entity, the method (1) identifies a set of public cloud datacenters of one or more public cloud providers to connect a set of machines of the entity, (2) deploys managed forwarding nodes (MFNs) for the entity in the identified set of public cloud datacenters, and then (3) configures the MFNs to implement a virtual network that connects the entity's set of machines across its identified set of public cloud datacenters. In some embodiments, the method identifies the set of public cloud datacenters for an entity by receiving input from the entity's network administrator. In some embodiments, this input specifies the public cloud providers to use and/or the public cloud regions in which the virtual network should be defined. Conjunctively, or alternatively, this input in some embodiments specifies actual public cloud datacenters to use.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a novel method for deploying different virtual networks over several public cloud datacenters for different entities. For each entity, the method (1) identifies a set of public cloud datacenters of one or more public cloud providers to connect a set of machines of the entity, (2) deploys managed forwarding nodes (MFNs) for the entity in the identified set of public cloud datacenters, and then (3) configures the MFNs to implement a virtual network that connects the entity's set of machines across its identified set of public cloud datacenters. In some embodiments, the method identifies the set of public cloud datacenters for an entity by receiving input from the entity's network administrator. In some embodiments, this input specifies the public cloud providers to use and/or the public cloud regions in which the virtual network should be defined. Conjunctively, or alternatively, this input in some embodiments specifies actual public cloud datacenters to use.

Abstract: The method of some embodiment provides DNS service for an SD-WAN. The method receives a DNS request for a domain name (e.g., a FQDN) from one of the compute nodes connected to the SD-WAN (e.g., from a branch site or datacenter site, or a machine of a remote user). The method selects a particular network address (e.g., a particular IP address) from several network addresses (e.g., several IP addresses) of several different sets of servers that are associated with the domain name based on measurements taken by agents deployed in the SD-WAN and based on SD-WAN DNS-resolution selection criteria. The method provides the particular network address in response to the DNS request to the machine that sent the DNS request (e.g., to the branch site or datacenter that sent the DNS request, or to the machine of the remote user that sent the request).

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a novel method for sharing data between user-space processes and kernel-space processes without copying the data. The method dedicates, by a driver of a network interface controller (NIC), a memory address space for a user-space process. The method allocates a virtual region of the memory address space for zero-copy operations. The method maps the virtual region to a memory address space of the kernel. The method allows access to the virtual region by both the user-space process and a kernel-space process.

Abstract: The method of some embodiments provides values from a server over a network connection. The method, for each of multiple values (i) creates a file including the value on a random access memory filing system (RAMFS), (ii) receives a request to receive the value, and (iii) sends the file via a sendfile system call.

Abstract: The method of some embodiments receives a file from a server. The method is implemented at a client machine. The method creates a page fragment cache, including multiple page fragments, for receiving file data from the server. The method allocates page fragments from the page fragment cache to a dedicated receiving (RX) ring. The method sends a request file packet over a TCP connection to the server. The method receives multiple data packets, each data packet including a header and file data. The method stores the file data for the multiple data packets sequentially in the page fragment cache.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method of reducing network congestion in a virtual network. The method, at a first CFE of the virtual network, receives multiple encapsulated data packets of a data stream. The encapsulated data packets having been encapsulated by a second CFE, operating on a server of the virtual network. The second CFE identifies a load percentage of the server, sets explicit congestion notification (ECN) bits on a percentage of the data packets based on the load percentage of the server, and encapsulates each data packet. The first CFE determines whether to forward a new connection to the second CFE based at least on the percentage of data packets from the first CFE with the ECN bits set.

Abstract: The method of some embodiments selects a backup overlay network route when rerouting data packets to avoid delays on a primary overlay network route. The method, for each of multiple overlay network routes, measures delays of data packet transmissions on the overlay network route. The method correlates changes in the delays of data packet transmissions sent through different overlay network routes of the plurality of overlay network routes. The method selects the backup overlay network route based on the backup overlay network route having a low correlation or no correlation of changes of delays with the primary overlay route. In some embodiments, multiple physical network routes underlie the multiple overlay network routes, and correlating changes in the delays of data packet transmissions sent through different overlay network routes of the plurality of overlay network routes includes identifying overlay network routes for which the underlying physical network routes share infrastructure.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a novel method for deploying different virtual networks over several public cloud datacenters for different entities. For each entity, the method (1) identifies a set of public cloud datacenters of one or more public cloud providers to connect a set of machines of the entity, (2) deploys managed forwarding nodes (MFNs) for the entity in the identified set of public cloud datacenters, and then (3) configures the MFNs to implement a virtual network that connects the entity's set of machines across its identified set of public cloud datacenters. In some embodiments, the method identifies the set of public cloud datacenters for an entity by receiving input from the entity's network administrator. In some embodiments, this input specifies the public cloud providers to use and/or the public cloud regions in which the virtual network should be defined. Conjunctively, or alternatively, this input in some embodiments specifies actual public cloud datacenters to use.

Abstract: In a novel tunnel-less SD-WAN, when an ingress node of the SD-WAN receives a new packet flow, it identifies the path of the flow through the SD-WAN, and sends an initial prepended set of SD-WAN header values before the first packet for the flow to the next hop along this identified path, rather than encapsulating each packet of the flow with encapsulating tunnel headers that store SD-WAN next hop data for the flow. The prepended set of SD-WAN header values are then used to not only forward the first packet through the SD-WAN, but also to create records at each subsequent hop, which are then used to forward subsequent packets of the flow through the SD-WAN. Instead of identifying the entire packet flow, the first hop in the SD-WAN does not identify the entire path for the packet flow in some embodiments, but just identifies the next hop, as each subsequent hop in the SD-WAN has the task of identifying the next hop through the SD-WAN for the packet flow.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Abstract: A method and system to improve the link budget of a wireless system using fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) protocol. In one embodiment of the invention, the Medium Access Control (MAC) logic in a base station determines whether the quality of the communication link with a mobile station is bad. When the MAC logic in the base station determines that the quality is bad, the base station uses a fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) protocol to indicate to the mobile station to send identical information to the base station in each of a plurality of successive or consecutive communication intervals before processing any received identical information from the mobile station. The fast HARQ protocol reduces the latency of receiving the identical information correctly, as compared with the current HARQ protocol.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a novel method for deploying different virtual networks over several public cloud datacenters for different entities. For each entity, the method (1) identifies a set of public cloud datacenters of one or more public cloud providers to connect a set of machines of the entity, (2) deploys managed forwarding nodes (MFNs) for the entity in the identified set of public cloud datacenters, and then (3) configures the MFNs to implement a virtual network that connects the entity's set of machines across its identified set of public cloud datacenters. In some embodiments, the method identifies the set of public cloud datacenters for an entity by receiving input from the entity's network administrator. In some embodiments, this input specifies the public cloud providers to use and/or the public cloud regions in which the virtual network should be defined. Conjunctively, or alternatively, this input in some embodiments specifies actual public cloud datacenters to use.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Abstract: In a novel tunnel-less SD-WAN, when an ingress node of the SD-WAN receives a new packet flow, it identifies the path of the flow through the SD-WAN, and sends an initial prepended set of SD-WAN header values before the first packet for the flow to the next hop along this identified path, rather than encapsulating each packet of the flow with encapsulating tunnel headers that store SD-WAN next hop data for the flow. The prepended set of SD-WAN header values are then used to not only forward the first packet through the SD-WAN, but also to create records at each subsequent hop, which are then used to forward subsequent packets of the flow through the SD-WAN. Instead of identifying the entire packet flow, the first hop in the SD-WAN does not identify the entire path for the packet flow in some embodiments, but just identifies the next hop, as each subsequent hop in the SD-WAN has the task of identifying the next hop through the SD-WAN for the packet flow.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.