Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for heating a dual stack fuel cell system of a vehicle. The method may include receiving a heat power request from a first fuel cell stack, receiving a first temperature of the first fuel cell stack and a second temperature of a second fuel cell stack, initiating, responsive to the first temperature and the second temperature indicating that the first fuel cell stack and the second fuel cell stack are frozen, a freeze-start thermal operating mode for the first fuel cell stack, and transferring, during the freeze-start thermal operating mode for the first fuel cell stack, heat from a brake resistor to the first fuel cell stack.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of managing thermal loads in the powertrain of an electric vehicle and controlling various electronic components of a powertrain thermal management system. The method may include heating a coolant of a powertrain coolant loop utilizing waste heat from a liquid-cooled powertrain component (e.g., an electric motor, a DC-DC converter, etc.), measuring a coolant temperature, and utilizing combined feedforward and feedback control methods for different components (pump(s), radiator fan(s), valve(s)) of the powertrain thermal management system.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of managing thermal loads in a fuel cell electric vehicle. The method may include measuring a coolant temperature at an outlet of a fuel cell radiator, calculating a fuel cell coolant flow value, calculating a fuel cell heat generation value, calculating a feedback portion of a fuel cell radiator fan speed command using the coolant temperature at the outlet of the fuel cell radiator, calculating a feedforward portion of the fuel cell radiator fan speed command using an ambient temperature, the fuel cell coolant flow value, and the fuel cell heat generation value calculating the fuel cell radiator fan speed command using the feedforward portion and the feedback portion, and controlling a fuel cell radiator fan speed using the fuel cell radiator fan speed command.