Abstract: The invention provides a method to analyze an effect of a biological insult such as exposure to ionizing radiation comprising (a) exposing one or more groups of subjects to a biological insult of at least about an LD10 to obtain one or more groups of exposed subjects; and (b) measuring one, two, three or more surrogate markers in one or more of the groups of exposed subjects, wherein one, two, three or more of the surrogate markers correlate with death at a P?0.1.

Abstract: The invention provides a drug product for treating radiation exposure comprising, a drug in a dosage form; and packaging for the drug together with a package insert or label that includes information about the drug's efficacy, where the information about the drug's efficacy is obtained at least in part from methods described in the disclosure.

Abstract: The invention provides a method to analyze an effect of a biological insult such as exposure to ionizing radiation comprising (a) exposing one or more groups of subjects to a biological insult of at least about an LD10 to obtain one or more groups of exposed subjects; and (b) measuring one, two, three or more surrogate markers in one or more of the groups of exposed subjects, wherein one, two, three or more of the surrogate markers correlate with death at a P?0.1.

Abstract: The invention provides a drug product for treating radiation exposure comprising, a drug in a dosage form; and packaging for the drug together with a package insert or label that includes information about the drug's efficacy, where the information about the drug's efficacy is obtained at least in part from methods described in the disclosure.

Abstract: The invention includes a method to identify a method to enhance survival of a subject such as a non-human primate that has been exposed to a biological insult such as an ionizing radiation dose of about LD30/30 or about LD50/30 by treating the exposed subject with a test compound an optionally comparing the results to that obtained using control subjects that had been treated with 3?,17?-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene or other disclosed compounds.

Abstract: The invention includes a method to identify a method to enhance survival of a subject that has been exposed to a biological insult such as an ionizing radiation dose of LD50/30 by treating the exposed subject with a test compound an optically comparing the results to that obtained using control subjects that had been treated with 3?,17?-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene or other disclosed compounds.