Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the improved separation of clarified liquids from biomass or rather for the separation of clarified sludges in the (aerobic and/or anaerobic) biological treatment of sewage using magnetically separable materials as carrier masses. The carrier masses are organic materials containing magnetically separable inorganic materials incorporated in abrasion-resistant form. These magnetically separable carriers occupy a suspension volume of from 1 to 85% by volume, based on the clarified liquid.The carriers contain magnetically separable inorganic materials incorporated as fillers in organic polymeric materials, particularly in cellular polymeric carriers. Other organic or inorganic fillers may also be used in these organic carriers. The magnetically separable materials used are oxides or mixed oxides of heavy metals, preferably iron oxides, such as Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 (magnetite) and .gamma.-Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, which are used in average particle sizes of less than 50 .mu.

Abstract: This invention relates to polyurethane(urea) compositions which contain foam and which are preferably cationically modified, contain non-abrasively bonded fillers and have a very high water absorbability (WAF).Production is effected by reacting isocyanate-terminated prepolymers with a quantity of water far exceeding the stoichiometric quantity in the presence of foams in particle or film form. The reaction mixture may also contain lignite powder and/or peat, other inorganic and organic fillers and/or biomasses (living cells, living bacteria, enzymes).The polyurethane(urea) compositions contain up to 95% by weight of foam particles and may contain further fillers (preferably lignite and/or peat). The compositions are swollen and have a high water content during production. Their water absorbability (WAF) when suspended in water is 33 to 97% by weight of water.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the formation of filler containing anionically modified polyurethane (urea) compositions by reacting suitable polyurethane (urea) forming ingredients in the presence of from 5 to 97% by weight of fillers selected from the group consisting of(i) finely divided or lumpy foam particles,(ii) fossile lignocelluloses,(iii) carbon powder, and(iv) mixtures thereof,said filler-containing polyurethane (urea) having a water absorbability of from 33 to 97% by weight, and having an anionic group content of from 10 to 3000 milliequivalents of anionic groups and/or groups capable of anionic group formation per 1000 grams of said polyurethane (urea) components.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the combustion of aqueous sewage sludge comprising burning, in a fluidized bed furnace, an aqueous mixture of a sewage sludge and a TDI residue, said aqueous mixture having a total solids content of from 25 to 98% by weight of the aqueous mixture, wherein the TDI residue comprises 25 to 95% by weight of the total solids content.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved process for the biological treatment of an aqueous, waste-containing liquid by the removal of organic matter by microorganisms wherein a carrier material for said microorganisms is added to said liquid and wherein said carrier material comprises a filler-containing, hydrophilic, open-celled polymer in the form of separate individual particles, the improvement wherein said polymer particles, when saturated with water and charged with at least 70 volume-% of biomass formed in the course of the process, have an average density of slightly below the density of said liquid and thereby are suspended in the upper two-thirds of said liquid.

Abstract: This invention relates to polyurethane(urea) compositions which contain foam and which are preferably cationically modified, contain non-abrasively bonded fillers and have a very high water absorbability (WAF).Production is effected by reacting isocyanate-terminated prepolymers with a quantity of water far exceeding the stoichiometric quantity in the presence of foams in particle or film form. The reaction mixture may also contain lignite powder and/or peat, other inorganic and organic fillers and/or biomasses (living cells, living bacteria, enzymes).The polyurethane(urea) compositions contain up to 95% by weight of foam particles and may contain further fillers (preferably lignite and/or peat). The compositions are swollen and have a high water content during production. Their water absorbability (WAF) when suspended in water is 33 to 97% by weight of water.

Abstract: Mixtures of water with water-miscible solvent(s) containing suspended, emulsified and/or colloidal impurities are purified by contacting the water-solvent mixture with an at least partially open celled foam containing 1-75 weight percent active pulverulent additives. The liquid and solid phases are then separated. The active pulverulent additives which may be incorporated into the foam by means of a binder or by incorporation in the reactants used to form the foam include active coals, brown coal dust, peat, iron oxides and brown coal coke dust.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the improved separation of clarified liquids from biomass in the aerobic and/or anaerobic biological treatment of sewage carried out using magnetically separable materials as carriers. The magnetically separable inorganic materials are used in quantities of from 1 to 150% by weight, based on activated sludge dry matter. The carriers consist of magnetically separable inorganic materials. The magnetically separable materials used are oxides or mixed oxides of heavy metals, preferably iron oxides, such as Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 (magnetite) and .gamma.-Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, which are used in average particle sizes of less than 50 .mu.m, preferably less than 10 .mu.m and more preferably less than 3 .mu.m (for example from 0.1 to 1 .mu.m). These magnetic carriers provide for improved sedimentation or for magnetic separation of the biomasses containing the magnetic materials in the biological treatment of sewage.

Abstract: This invention relates to polyurethane(urea) compositions which contain foam and which are preferably cationically modified, contain non-abrasively bonded fillers and have a very high water absorbability (WAF).Production is effected by reacting isocyanate-terminated prepolymers with a quantity of water far exceeding the stoichiometric quantity in the presence of foams in particle or film form. The reaction mixture may also contain lignite powder and/or peat, other inorganic and organic fillers and/or biomasses (living cells, living bacteria, enzymes).The polyurethane(urea) compositions contain up to 95% by weight of foam particles and may contain further fillers (preferably lignite and/or peat). The compositions are swollen and have a high water content during production. Their water absorbability (WAF) when suspended in water is 33 to 97% by weight of water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of polyurethane(urea) compositions which contain lignite and/or peat bound in an abrasion-proof manner, which are preferably modified cationically and which have a very high water absorbability. The compositions are produced by reacting isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, which are preferably cationically modified, and which preferably have a functionality of more than 2.1, with more than the stoichiometric quantity of water in the presence of lignite and/or peat and optionally in the presence of organic and/or inorganic fillers and biomasses (living cells, living bacteria or enzymes). The corresponding polyurethane(urea) compositions contain up to 95% by weight of lignite and/or peat in the filler-containing polyurethane(urea) composition and are already swollen from production. The water absorbability (WAF) value thereof when suspended in water is from 33 to 97% by weight of water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of thermosetting polyurethane urea reactive adhesive compositions which are stable at ambient temperature but rapidly set at higher temperatures, wherein the adhesive comprises stabilized finely-divided polyisocyanates of retarded reactivity of which 0.1 to 25% of the NCO-groups are surface-modified and higher and/or lower molecular polyamines (optionally with polyols as additional reactive components). An important feature of these thermosetting reactive adhesive compositions is their capacity for storage at ambient temperature and their spontaneous increase in viscosity at relatively low heating temperatures which prevents the adhesive from running off during the heating period when applied to vertical surfaces.

Abstract: Polyaddition products containing urethane groups are produced by reacting an isocyanate group containing distillation residue with a compound having a molecular weight less than 600 containing at least two alcoholic hydroxyl groups. The distillation residue is obtained in the commercial production of tolylene diisocyanate. The distillation residue and hydroxyl compound are reacted in amounts such that the NCO/OH equivalent ratio is less than 1.5:1. The polyaddition reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range of 50.degree. to 220.degree. C. The reaction is carried out in a reaction screw extruder preferably having self-cleaning screw geometry. The polyaddition products are useful as molding compositions, reactive fillers and starting materials in the production of flame-resistant polyurethane plastics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of non-floating, non-abrasive, highly-filled polyurethane (urea) compositions of high water-absorbability, which during their production contain no cells capable of growth as carriers for biomasses in the biological treatment of waste-containing liquids. These carriers have a filler content of greater than 15% by weight and less than 95% by weight (based on the moisture-free weight of the filler-containing polyurethanes). The fillers are selected from the group consisting of natural materials containing finely-divided fossil lignocelluloses or the secondary products thereof (e.g., peat, lignite, mineral coal or coke), active carbon, finely-divided distillation residues, inorganic fillers, homogeneous or cellular plastics particles (and more particularly polyurethane foam (waste) particles) and mixtures thereof. The polyurethane (urea) is a hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic polyurethane(urea), and preferably contains cationic groups.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for carrying out reactions which primarily occur during the transport of compounds in the liquid phase or at the liquid-gas interface. Starting components are reacted with one another and/or with gases of the inner space in a multi-phase flow tube having a liquid ring flow which may contain dissolved and/or dispersed constituents. Any necessary heat exchange takes place between the liquid and the wall of the tube or the gases.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the production of denatured polyaddition products of biomasses and isocyanates, comprising reacting(A) from 5 to 98%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a biomass based on microorganisms or derivative and decomposition products thereof with(B) from 95 to 2%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a compound containing isocyanate groups, at temperatures of at least 50.degree. C. with complete denaturing of component (A).

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the production of denatured polyaddition products of biomasses and isocyanates, comprising reacting(A) from 5 to 98%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a biomass based on microorganisms or derivative and decomposition products thereof with(B) from 95 to 2%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a compound containing isocyanate groups, at temperatures of at least 50.degree. C. with complete denaturing of component (A).

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of polyisocyanates containing uretdione groups comprising dimerizing aromatic polyisocyanates which are free from uretdione groups in the presence of catalysts which accelerate the dimerization of isocyanates, at -30.degree. to 90.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention relates to solutions of polyisocyanate polyaddition products with a solids content of from 5 to 70% by weight ofA. Reaction products of(a) polyisocyanates,(b) hydrazines and/or polyamines and/or dihydrazides and/or ammonia and/or urea and/or low molecular weight polyols,(c) optionally higher molecular weight polyols and(d) optionally formaldehyde inB. polyhydric alcohols having a molecular weight of between 62 and 450.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the production of optionally foamed polyurethane plastics, particularly shaped articles, using certain denatured biomasses as reactive fillers. The fillers in question comprise biomasses based on microorganisms and the derivatives and decomposition products of microorganisms, particularly biologically purified sludges, which have been deodorized and irreversibly denatured by reaction with isocyanates and/or carbonyl compounds and compounds capable of aminoplast and/or phenoplast formation.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of soluble compounds containing hydroxyalkyl and urethane groups by alcoholysis from highly cross-linked insoluble distillation residues (from the commercial production of tolylene diisocyanate) which have reacted completely or almost completely with water. The products obtained as solutions, solvent-free melts or powders may be used as raw materials for the production of synthetic resins or their intermediates which are characterized by reduced combustibility. They may also be recyclized by simple hydrolysis into the tolylene diamines ("TDA") from which tolylene diisocyanate ("TDI") is derived.