Abstract: An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

Abstract: An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

Abstract: An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

Abstract: A process is provided for electrochemical reduction, particularly the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. According one embodiment, an electrochemical process includes the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate utilizing periodic pulsed anodic polarization, periodic pulsed deep cathodic polarization, or combinations thereof to remove cathodic deposits. Various polarization techniques are disclosed which improve overall Faradaic Efficiency.

Abstract: A process is provided for electrochemical reduction, particularly the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. According one embodiment, an electrochemical process includes the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate utilizing periodic pulsed anodic polarization, periodic pulsed deep cathodic polarization, or combinations thereof to remove cathodic deposits. Various polarization techniques are disclosed which improve overall Faradaic Efficiency.

Abstract: An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. According one embodiment, an electrochemical process includes the catalytic electro-chemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate utilizing a cathodic catalyst comprising tin and zinc, the zinc comprising between three and six weight percent of the catalyst. In a further embodiment, an electrochemical reactor for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate comprises a cathodic catalyst comprising tin and zinc, the zinc comprising between three and six weight percent of the catalyst.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate and formic acid. One embodiment features a three-compartment reactor which houses: a gas compartment; a catholyte compartment, which contains a porous cathode having a tin-based catalyst; and an anolyte compartment, which contains an anode having a mixed metal oxide catalyst. Further embodiments include a method for depositing tin onto a porous cathode, tin-zinc cathodes, a reaction method using an acidic anolyte, and pulsed polarization to extend reactor runtimes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate and formic acid. One embodiment features a three-compartment reactor which houses: a gas compartment; a catholyte compartment, which contains a porous cathode having a tin-based catalyst; and an anolyte compartment, which contains an anode having a mixed metal oxide catalyst. Further embodiments include a method for depositing tin onto a porous cathode, tin zinc cathodes, a reaction method using an acidic anolyte, and pulsed polarization to extend reactor runtimes.