Abstract: The present invention relates to novel manganese complexes and their use, inter alia, for homogeneous catalysis in (1) the preparation of imine by dehydrogenative coupling of an alcohol and amine; (2)C—C coupling in Michael addition reaction using nitriles as Michael donors; (3) dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to give esters and hydrogen gas (4) hydrogenation of esters to form alcohols (including hydrogenation of cyclic esters (lactones) or cyclic di-esters (di-lactones), or polyesters); (5) hydrogenation of amides (including cyclic dipeptides, lactams, diamide, polypeptides and polyamides) to alcohols and amines (or diamine); (6) hydrogenation of organic carbonates (including polycarbonates) to alcohols or hydrogenation of carbamates (including polycarbamates) or urea derivatives to alcohols and amines; (7) dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols to ketones; (8) amidation of esters (i.e.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel manganese complexes and their use, inter alia, for homogeneous catalysis in (1) the preparation of imine by dehydrogenative coupling of an alcohol and amine; (2) C—C coupling in Michael addition reaction using nitriles as Michael donors; (3) dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to give esters and hydrogen gas (4) hydrogenation of esters to form alcohols (including hydrogenation of cyclic esters (lactones) or cyclic di-esters (di-lactones), or polyesters); (5) hydrogenation of amides (including cyclic dipeptides, lactams, diamide, polypeptides and polyamides) to alcohols and amines (or diamine); (6) hydrogenation of organic carbonates (including polycarbonates) to alcohols or hydrogenation of carbamates (including polycarbamates) or urea derivatives to alcohols and amines; (7) dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols to ketones; (8) amidation of esters (i.e.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel manganese complexes and their use, inter alia, for homogeneous catalysis in (1) the preparation of imine by dehydrogenative coupling of an alcohol and amine; (2) C—C coupling in Michael addition reaction using nitriles as Michael donors; (3) dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to give esters and hydrogen gas (4) hydrogenation of esters to form alcohols (including hydrogenation of cyclic esters (lactones) or cyclic di-esters (di-lactones), or polyesters); (5) hydrogenation of amides (including cyclic dipeptides, lactams, diamide, polypeptides and polyamides) to alcohols and amines (or diamine); (6) hydrogenation of organic carbonates (including polycarbonates) to alcohols or hydrogenation of carbamates (including polycarbamates) or urea derivatives to alcohols and amines; (7) dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols to ketones; (8) amidation of esters (i.e.

Abstract: A system of reducing the possibility of crawling duplicate document identifiers partitions a plurality of document identifiers into multiple clusters, each cluster having a cluster name and a set of document parameters. The system generates an equivalence rule for each cluster of document identifiers, the rule specifying which document parameters associated with the cluster are content-relevant. Next, the system groups each cluster of document identifiers into one or more equivalence classes in accordance with its associated equivalence rule, each equivalence class including one or more document identifiers that correspond to a document content and having a representative document identifier identifying the document content.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for identifying web hosting entities. In one aspect, a system includes one or more computers programmed to perform operations including maintaining an Internet Protocol (IP) address history for each hostname in a plurality of hostnames. Each IP address history is a time series of IP addresses. The operations further include organizing the hostnames into a collection of groups so that each hostname of the plurality of hostnames is a member of exactly one group in the collection of groups. Each group has a kernel calculated from the IP address histories of the members of the group, and the IP address history of each member of the group is within a threshold distance of the kernel of the group.

Abstract: A system of reducing the possibility of crawling duplicate document identifiers partitions a plurality of document identifiers into multiple clusters, each cluster having a cluster name and a set of document parameters. The system generates an equivalence rule for each cluster of document identifiers, the rule specifying which document parameters associated with the cluster are content-relevant. Next, the system groups each cluster of document identifiers into one or more equivalence classes in accordance with its associated equivalence rule, each equivalence class including one or more document identifiers that correspond to a document content and having a representative document identifier identifying the document content.

Abstract: A system of reducing the possibility of crawling duplicate document identifiers partitions a plurality of document identifiers into multiple clusters, each cluster having a cluster name and a set of document parameters. The system generates an equivalence rule for each cluster of document identifiers, the rule specifying which document parameters associated with the cluster are content-relevant. Next, the system groups each cluster of document identifiers into one or more equivalence classes in accordance with its associated equivalence rule, each equivalence class including one or more document identifiers that correspond to a document content and having a representative document identifier identifying the document content.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extending or modifying the behavior of mobile (downloadable) software, such as JavaScript, HTML, and/or data that can be downloaded to a client device. One or more morphing agents are provided for translating and modifying code and data from a software source, such as a remote server. Each morphing agent translates and modifies one or more particular types of code. For example, one morphing agent may be provided for processing JavaScript code and another may be provided for processing HTML code and data. Each morphing agent typically includes a tokenizer module, a parser module and a translation module, each of which follows specific rule sets. Original software content is first tokenized according to a set of tokenizer rules, and subsequently parsed according to a set of parser rules. The parsed code is then translated according to the set of translator rules to produce the desired modified software content.