Abstract: CH1 domain variants engineered for preferential binding to either a kappa CL domain or a lambda CL domain, as well as polypeptides, e.g., antibody heavy chains or antibodies, comprising such engineered CH1 domain variants, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such CH1 domain variants and/or such polypeptides, and methods for making and using such CH1 domain variants are provided. The CH1 domain variants minimize heavy chain-light chain mispairing and promote cognate heavy chain-light chain pairing, thereby improving the generation of multispecific, e.g., bispecific, antibodies. Also provided are methods of making CH1 domain variant libraries and methods of identifying one or more CH1 domain variants.

Abstract: A method for controlling and engine system with a plurality of turbochargers. At least one of the plurality of turbochargers has a turbine valve, a compressor valve, and actuators operable to change the position of the turbine valve. The method comprises controlling the actuator based on the presence of a transient event or a steady state event. During a transient event an engine control module can control the actuators to change the turbine valve to opened and closed positions and the turbine valve to a closed position based on the comparison between a corrected mass flow per turbocharger to a mass flow threshold.

Abstract: A control system for controlling pilot fuel injection in a dual fuel engine is disclosed. The control system may determine, using measurements from one or more sensors, one or more combustion parameters associated with the dual fuel engine during operation of the dual fuel engine. The control system may determine an estimated nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions level based on the one or more combustion parameters, and may determine a NOx error based on a comparison between the estimated NOx emissions level and a desired NOx emissions level. The control system may control a quantity of pilot fuel injected into the dual fuel engine based on the NOx error.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the inadequacies inherent in the known methods for generating libraries of antibody-encoding polynucleotides by specifically designing the libraries with directed sequence and length diversity.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine is configured to operate the engine at a desired output power and at a desired air/fuel ratio provided in the cylinder, the desired air/fuel ratio depending on an amount of air, the primary fuel, and the secondary fuel provided to the cylinder selectively; gradually increase a power output of the engine during a transient event from an initial power output, to an intermediate power output, and then to a final power output; during the transient event, simultaneously with the power output increase, increase the amount of the primary fuel and the secondary fuel to produce a rich air/fuel ratio in the cylinder.

Abstract: A method for controlling and engine system with a plurality of turbochargers. At least one of the plurality of turbochargers has a turbine valve, a compressor valve, and actuators operable to change the position of the turbine valve. The method comprises controlling the actuator based on the presence of a transient event or a steady state event. During a transient event an engine control module can control the actuators to change the turbine valve to opened and closed positions and the turbine valve to a closed position based on the comparison between a corrected mass flow per turbocharger to a mass flow threshold.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the inadequacies inherent in the known methods for generating libraries of antibody-encoding polynucleotides by specifically designing the libraries with directed sequence and length diversity.

Abstract: A control system for controlling pilot fuel injection in a dual fuel engine is disclosed. The control system may determine, using measurements from one or more sensors, one or more combustion parameters associated with the dual fuel engine during operation of the dual fuel engine. The control system may determine an estimated nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions level based on the one or more combustion parameters, and may determine a NOx error based on a comparison between the estimated NOx emissions level and a desired NOx emissions level. The control system may control a quantity of pilot fuel injected into the dual fuel engine based on the NOx error.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine is configured to operate the engine at a desired output power and at a desired air/fuel ratio provided in the cylinder, the desired air/fuel ratio depending on an amount of air, the primary fuel, and the secondary fuel provided to the cylinder selectively; gradually increase a power output of the engine during a transient event from an initial power output, to an intermediate power output, and then to a final power output; during the transient event, simultaneously with the power output increase, increase the amount of the primary fuel and the secondary fuel to produce a rich air/fuel ratio in the cylinder.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having an exhaust log structure onto which a plurality of turbochargers is connected, each turbocharger having a turbine connected to the exhaust log structure and having an inlet fluidly connectable to a respective one of the plurality of outlet ports, an exhaust valve disposed at a turbine outlet such that the flow of exhaust gas out of the turbine is fluidly blocked, and an actuator associated with the exhaust valve and operating to move the exhaust valve from a closed position to an open position and vice versa. An electronic controller provides a command to the actuator to move the exhaust valve between the open and closed positions and is programmed to selectively open two one or more exhaust valves based on an operating condition of the engine.

Abstract: An engine speed control system for an internal combustion engine includes a throttle, and a sensor that monitors a parameter indicative of pressure or density of fuel and air in an inlet manifold of the engine. The electronic control unit is coupled with the throttle and the sensor and structured to calculate a target mass flow through the throttle, a feedforward control term based on the target mass flow, and a feedforward control term based on data produced by the sensor. The electronic control unit is further structured to vary a position of the throttle based on the feedforward and feedback control terms to adjust a mass flow through the throttle toward the target mass flow. The control system is applicable in throttle governed as well as fuel governed systems.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having an exhaust log structure onto which a plurality of turbochargers is connected, each turbocharger having a turbine connected to the exhaust log structure and having an inlet fluidly connectable to a respective one of the plurality of outlet ports, an exhaust valve disposed at a turbine outlet such that the flow of exhaust gas out of the turbine is fluidly blocked, and an actuator associated with the exhaust valve and operating to move the exhaust valve from a closed position to an open position and vice versa. An electronic controller provides a command to the actuator to move the exhaust valve between the open and closed positions and is programmed to selectively open two one or more exhaust valves based on an operating condition of the engine.

Abstract: An engine speed control system for an internal combustion engine includes a throttle, and a sensor that monitors a parameter indicative of pressure or density of fuel and air in an inlet manifold of the engine. The electronic control unit is coupled with the throttle and the sensor and structured to calculate a target mass flow through the throttle, a feedforward control term based on the target mass flow, and a feedforward control term based on data produced by the sensor. The electronic control unit is further structured to vary a position of the throttle based on the feedforward and feedback control terms to adjust a mass flow through the throttle toward the target mass flow. The control system is applicable in throttle governed as well as fuel governed systems.

Abstract: A method of evaluating operability of a gaseous fuel admission valve of an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The method includes operating the internal combustion engine on gaseous fuel by repeatedly actuating the gaseous fuel admission valve. The method further includes measuring a sequence of temporal developments of an electrical operation parameter respectively associated with an actuation of the gaseous fuel admission valve. The sequence includes a first temporal development to be evaluated and a plurality of temporal developments preceding the first temporal development. The method also includes evaluating operability of the gaseous fuel admission valve based on the first temporal development of the measured sequence and at least one of the plurality of preceding temporal developments of the measured sequence.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the inadequacies inherent in the known methods for generating libraries of antibody-encoding polynucleotides by specifically designing the libraries with directed sequence and length diversity.

Abstract: A control system and method to control cold transient response of an engine. The control system can provide compressed air from a compressed air source to a turbocharger to boost speed of a turbine of the turbocharger, based on determined desired operating characteristics associated with upstream or downstream operation of the engine relative to the turbocharger. The control system can receive data corresponding to actual operating characteristics associated with the upstream or downstream operation of the engine relative to the turbocharger, compare the desired operating characteristics with the data corresponding to actual operating characteristics, and control the air assist from the compressed air source based on the comparison.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the inadequacies inherent in the known methods for generating libraries of antibody-encoding polynucleotides by specifically designing the libraries with directed sequence and length diversity.

Abstract: A control system and method to control cold transient response of an engine. The control system can provide compressed air from a compressed air source to a turbocharger to boost speed of a turbine of the turbocharger, based on determined desired operating characteristics associated with upstream or downstream operation of the engine relative to the turbocharger. The control system can receive data corresponding to actual operating characteristics associated with the upstream or downstream operation of the engine relative to the turbocharger, compare the desired operating characteristics with the data corresponding to actual operating characteristics, and control the air assist from the compressed air source based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine operating on at least partly gaseous fuel is disclosed. The method may include providing a desired burn rate profile corresponding to a desired operation of the internal combustion engine. The method may further include selecting first operating parameters such that an operation of the internal combustion engine with a first gas composition produces a first burn rate profile that corresponds to the desired burn rate profile. The method may also include operating the internal combustion engine with the first operating parameters using a second gas composition. The method may include determining that the second burn rate profile differs from the desired burn rate profile. In addition, the method may include adjusting an operating parameter from among the first operating parameters of the internal combustion engine to approach the desired burn rate profile.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The method may include receiving knock data corresponding to knock levels over a time period. The method may also include determining from the knock data whether the knock levels change over the time period. Further, the method may include determining that a variation in the gas composition of the gaseous fuel supplied to the internal combustion engine has occurred when the knock levels change over the time period. In addition, the method may include adjusting an operating condition of the internal combustion engine to adapt a knock susceptibility of the internal combustion engine to the varying gas composition.