Abstract: An electrostatic transducer includes first and second flexible conductive membranes; and first and second conductive stators. The membranes and the stators are assembled in a layered configuration with the membranes between the stators and with an enclosed volume of air sealed between the first and second membranes. The electrostatic transducer is arranged in use to apply an electrical potential which gives rise to an electrostatic force between the membranes and the stators that causes the membranes to move relative to the stators.

Abstract: An electrostatic transducer includes first and second flexible conductive membranes; and first and second conductive stators. The membranes and the stators are assembled in a layered configuration with the membranes the stators. The electrostatic transducer is arranged in use to apply an electrical potential which gives rise to an electrostatic force between the membranes and the stators that causes the membranes to move relative to the stators. The first and second flexible conductive membranes have respective first and second effective compliances, wherein the first effective compliance is at least 10% greater than the second effective compliance.

Abstract: An electrostatic transducer includes first and second flexible conductive membranes; and first and second conductive stators. The membranes and the stators are assembled in a layered configuration with the membranes between the stators and with an enclosed volume of air sealed between the first and second membranes. The electrostatic transducer is arranged in use to apply an electrical potential which gives rise to an electrostatic force between the membranes and the stators that causes the membranes to move relative to the stators.