Abstract: A retina viewing system and method of using the same includes an ophthalmic microscope, a disposable lens attachment, and an electronic control unit (ECU). The microscope has an optical head and a set of internal focusing lenses, the latter providing the microscope with a variable working distance or focal length. The disposable lens attachment includes a resilient body with a proximal end connected to the optical head and a distal end connected to a high-power/high-diopter distal lens. The ECU executes instructions for viewing a retina or other intraocular anatomy of a patient eye. Execution of the instructions causes the ECU to automatically adjust the variable working distance or focal length of the microscope when viewing an image of the retina through the distal lens.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for performing intraocular lens implantation using real-time surgical reference indicium are disclosed. An example method includes recording a patient specific pre-operative still image of an eye prior to cyclorotation of the eye when a patient lies down for surgery and generating at least one real-time multidimensional visualization of at least a portion of the eye for display. The method further includes using the patient specific pre-operative still image to at least produce at least one virtual surgical reference indicium including an ocular natural vertical axis of the eye and align the at least one virtual surgical reference indicium to the eye in conjunction with the real-time multidimensional visualization of at least a portion of the eye. The patient specific pre-operative still image is captured under a dilation condition selected from the group consisting of natural dilation, chemical dilation, and no dilation.

Abstract: A robotic imaging system includes a stereoscopic camera configured to record left and right images of a target site. A robotic arm is operatively connected to the stereoscopic camera, the robotic arm being adapted to selectively move the stereoscopic camera relative to the target. The stereoscopic camera includes an optical assembly having at least one lens and defining a working span. The optical assembly has at least one focus motor adapted to move the at least one lens to selectively vary the working span. The robotic imaging system includes a controller having a processor and tangible, non-transitory memory on which instructions are recorded. The controller is adapted to selectively execute an orbital scanning mode causing the robotic arm to sweep an orbital trajectory at least partially circumferentially around the eye while maintaining focus.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for displaying a fused reconstructed image with a multidimensional image are disclosed. An example imaging system receives a selection corresponding to a portion of a displayed multidimensional visualization of a surgical site. At the selected portion of the multidimensional visualization, the imaging system displays a portion of a three-dimensional image which corresponds to the selected multidimensional visualization such that the displayed portion of the at least one of the three-dimensional image or model is fused with the displayed multidimensional visualization.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for performing intraocular lens implantation using real-time surgical reference indicium are disclosed. An example method includes recording a patient specific pre-operative still image of an eye prior to cyclorotation of the eye when a patient lies down for surgery and generating at least one real-time multidimensional visualization of at least a portion of the eye for display. The method further includes using the patient specific pre-operative still image to at least produce at least one virtual surgical reference indicium including an ocular natural vertical axis of the eye and align the at least one virtual surgical reference indicium to the eye in conjunction with the real-time multidimensional visualization of at least a portion of the eye. The patient specific pre-operative still image is captured under a dilation condition selected from the group consisting of natural dilation, chemical dilation, and no dilation.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a system for obtaining ophthalmic information includes an illumination device having an optical fiber; a hyperspectral illumination source; a controller; a modulation device; and an imaging device. The modulation device is configured to receive first source light generated from the hyperspectral illumination source. The first source light includes multiple wavelengths. The modulation device is also configured to modulate each of the wavelengths with a different frequency to generate second source light having multiple frequency modulated wavelengths, and transmit the second source light to an optical fiber, which emits the second source light to contact an eye tissue. The imaging device selects a first frequency associated with a first frequency modulated wavelength and captures light returning from the eye tissue as a result of the first frequency modulated wavelength contacting the eye tissue. The controller determines parameter(s) of the eye tissue based on the return light.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for displaying a fused reconstructed image with a multidimensional image are disclosed. An example imaging system receives a selection corresponding to a portion of a displayed multidimensional visualization of a surgical site. At the selected portion of the multidimensional visualization, the imaging system displays a portion of a three-dimensional image which corresponds to the selected multidimensional visualization such that the displayed portion of the at least one of the three-dimensional image or model is fused with the displayed multidimensional visualization.

Abstract: Performance of enhanced visually directed procedures under low ambient lighting conditions. A computer readable medium storing a set of computer instructions for performing an enhanced visually directed procedure under low ambient visible light on a patient's eye. The computer instructions include: acquiring at least one real-time high resolution video signal representing at least one view of the eye in at least one wavelength of light outside of the wavelengths of visible light. The computer instructions include converting the at least one view is converted corresponding to the at least one real-time high resolution video signal at the at least one wavelength of light outside of the wavelengths of visible light into at least one wavelength of visible light. The at least one high resolution photosensor is acquired after light conditions are low enough such that a pupil of the eye does not constrict substantially from its maximum pupillary diameter.

Abstract: A stereoscopic camera with fluorescence visualization is disclosed. An example stereoscopic camera includes a visible light source, a near-infrared light source, and a near-ultraviolet light source. The stereoscopic camera also includes a light filter assembly having left and right filter magazines positioned respectively along left and right optical paths and configured to selectively enable certain wavelengths of light to pass through. Each of the left and right filter magazines includes an infrared cut filter, a near-ultraviolent cut filter, and a near-infrared bandpass filter. A controller of the camera is configured to provide for a visible light mode, an indocyanine green (“ICG”) fluorescence mode, and a 5-aminolevulinic acid (“ALA”) fluorescence mode by synchronizing the activation of the light sources with the selection of the filters. A processor of the camera combines image data from the different modes to enable fluorescence emission light to be superimposed on visible light stereoscopic images.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for guiding an astigmatism correction procedure on an eye of a patient are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a photosensor configured to record a pre-operative still image of an ocular target surgical site of the patient. The apparatus also includes a real-time, multidimensional visualization module configured to produce a real-time multidimensional visualization of the ocular target surgical site during an astigmatism correction procedure. The apparatus further includes a data processor configured to determine a virtual indicium that includes data for guiding the astigmatism correction procedure. The data processor uses the pre-operative still image to align the virtual indicium with the multidimensional visualization such that the virtual indicium is rotationally accurate. The data processor then displays the multidimensional visualization of the ocular target surgical site in conjunction with the virtual indicium.

Abstract: A stereoscopic imaging apparatus and platform are disclosed. An example stereoscopic imaging apparatus includes a main objective assembly and left and right lens sets defining respective parallel left and right optical paths from light that is received from the main objective assembly of a target surgical site. Each of the left and right lens sets includes a front lens, first and second zoom lenses configured to be movable along the optical path, and a lens barrel configured to receive the light from the second zoom lens. The example stereoscopic imaging apparatus also includes left and right image sensors configured to convert the light after passing through the lens barrel into image data that is indicative of the received light. The example stereoscopic visualization camera further includes a processor configured to convert the image data into stereoscopic video signals or video data for display on a display monitor.

Abstract: A method, instructions for which are executed from a computer-readable medium, calibrates a robotic camera system having a digital camera connected to an end-effector of a serial robot. The end-effector and camera move within a robot motion coordinate frame (“robot frame”). The method includes acquiring, using the camera, a reference image of a target object on an image plane having an optical coordinate frame, and receiving input signals, including a depth measurement and joint position signals. Separate roll and pitch offsets are determined of a target point within the reference image with respect to the robot frame while moving the robot. Offsets are also determined with respect to x, y, and z axes of the robot frame while moving the robot through another motion sequence. The offsets are stored in a transformation matrix, which is used to control the robot during subsequent operation of the camera system.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for guiding an astigmatism correction procedure on an eye of a patient are disclosed. An example apparatus include a photosensor configured to record a pre-operative still image of an ocular target surgical site of the patient. The apparatus also includes a real-time, multidimensional visualization module configured to produce a real-time multidimensional visualization of the ocular target surgical site during an astigmatism correction procedure. The apparatus further includes a data processor configured to determine a virtual indicium that includes data for guiding the astigmatism correction procedure. The data processor uses the pre-operative still image to align the virtual indicium with the multidimensional visualization such that the virtual indicium is rotationally accurate. The data processor then displays the multidimensional visualization of the ocular target surgical site in conjunction with the virtual indicium.

Abstract: A method for identifying saline solution in an aspirated fluid mixture during vitrectomy or another vitreoretinal surgery includes estimating a fluid property value of the mixture via an electronic control unit (ECU). The mixture includes saline solution and either vitreous or silicone oil. The method includes identifying the saline solution as a primary constituent fluid of the fluid mixture, via the ECU, based on the fluid property value, and activating an indicator device in response to the primary constituent fluid being the saline solution. An automated system for identifying saline solution in the aspirated fluid mixture includes the indicator device and the ECU. A computer-readable medium includes instructions, executable by a processor to identify an aspirated fluid mixture during a vitreoretinal surgery, with execution of the instructions by the processor causing the processor to perform the method.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for displaying a fused reconstructed image with a multidimensional image are disclosed. An example imaging system receives a selection corresponding to a portion of a displayed multidimensional visualization of a surgical site. At the selected portion of the multidimensional visualization, the imaging system displays a portion of a three-dimensional image which corresponds to the selected multidimensional visualization such that the displayed portion of the at least one of the three-dimensional image or model is fused with the displayed multidimensional visualization.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a robotic imaging apparatus includes providing the robotic imaging apparatus, calibrating a stereoscopic camera portion of the apparatus to robot space, and registering the robot space to a patient space. An embodiment of the apparatus includes a base section defining the robot space, a robotic arm including a first end connected to the base section, a second end including a coupling interface, and a plurality of joints and links connecting the first end to the second end, each joint including a motor configured to rotate the joint around an axis and a joint sensor configured to transmit a position of the respective joint, a stereoscopic camera connected at the coupling interface, and a sensor positioned at the coupling interface and configured to detect force imparted on the stereoscopic camera by an operator and to transmit output data indicative of the detected force.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for displaying a fused reconstructed image with a multidimensional image are disclosed. An example imaging system receives a selection corresponding to a portion of a displayed multidimensional visualization of a surgical site. At the selected portion of the multidimensional visualization, the imaging system displays a portion of a three-dimensional image which corresponds to the selected multidimensional visualization such that the displayed portion of the at least one of the three-dimensional image or model is fused with the displayed multidimensional visualization.

Abstract: A system and method quantify light exposure of a patient retina during an ophthalmic procedure. A light source illuminates the patient retina with directed light during the procedure to produce an illuminated retina surface. A camera collects image data of the illuminated retina surface. An electronic control unit (ECU) in communication with the camera and an indicator device receives the image data, calculates a cumulative energy spectral density of the directed light falling incident upon the retina, and executes a control action indicative of possible light toxicity in response to the cumulative energy spectral density exceeding a light toxicity threshold, including activating the indicator device. The illuminated retina surface may be divided into virtual zones, with the ECU mapping the cumulative energy spectral density to the illuminated retina surface. Each of the optional zones has a corresponding cumulative energy spectral density.

Abstract: A system and method for visually enhancing an original image of an eye includes a visualization module. A controller is configured to convert an output of the visualization module to a first pixel cloud in a first color space and map the first pixel cloud to a second pixel cloud in a second color space. The method includes identifying at least one selected zone in the second color space. The controller is configured to move the selected zone from an original location to a modified location in the second color space. The second pixel cloud is updated to obtain a modified second pixel cloud, which is transformed into a third pixel cloud in the first color space. An enhanced image is formed based in part on the modified second pixel cloud and provides selective visual enhancement in the selected zone without affecting contrast in a remainder of the original image.

Abstract: A retina viewing system and method of using the same includes an ophthalmic microscope, a disposable lens attachment, and an electronic control unit (ECU). The microscope has an optical head and a set of internal focusing lenses, the latter providing the microscope with a variable working distance or focal length. The disposable lens attachment includes a resilient body with a proximal end connected to the optical head and a distal end connected to a high-power/high-diopter distal lens. The ECU executes instructions for viewing a retina or other intraocular anatomy of a patient eye. Execution of the instructions causes the ECU to automatically adjust the variable working distance or focal length of the microscope when viewing an image of the retina through the distal lens.