Abstract: Efficiency of a mining rig is improved by altering clock speed of an ASIC. Cock speed can be modified as a function of values for (B) a block reward for mining the cryptocurrency, (R) exchange ratio of a price of a cryptocurrency reward to a currency of a country, (D) difficulty or network hashrate, and (P) unit cost of electricity used to operate the ASIC, according to the function, B×R/D?P×?E/?i+?G/?i, where for overclocking by i percentage, an effective hashrate is 1+i, Ei is a change in an amount of electricity consumed, and Gi is a degradation or economic loss of the processor. ?E/?I can be inferred from temperature measurements and historical or calculated data. A mining rig can communicate with a blockchain network via a mining pool, with information from an oracle or a centralized crypto exchange.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods improve efficiency in transacting a swap or other futures based financial instrument, by using time-weighted index averages to decrease counterparty settlement risk. In preferred embodiments related to Bitcoin and several other cryptocurrencies, the swaps are based upon a time-weighted index average (Dwa) of multiple instances of difficulty (Dx to Dy) of mining the cryptocurrency over multiple time periods (Px to Py) where both Ds and Ps are available from the decentralized public blockchain. Traders can use these time-weighted index averages in conjunction with the anticipated values of Ds and Ps for the remainder of the duration of the index, to calculate the index value at any given time. The index can be used to increase or decrease mining of digital assets, or switch allocation of resources between mining different digital assets.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods improve efficiency in transacting a swap or other futures based financial instrument, by using time-weighted index averages to decrease counterparty settlement risk. In preferred embodiments related to Bitcoin and several other cryptocurrencies, the swaps are based upon a time-weighted index average (Dwa) of multiple instances of difficulty (Dx to Dy) of mining the cryptocurrency over multiple time periods (Px to Py) where both Ds and Ps are available from the decentralized public blockchain. Traders can use these time-weighted index averages in conjunction with the anticipated values of Ds and Ps for the remainder of the duration of the index, to calculate the index value at any given time.

Abstract: A transaction processing system (110) configured to determine an optimized transaction router system (112) from a plurality of transaction router systems (112A-N). The system (110) is configured to retrieve a plurality of timing measurements, each being associated with one of the plurality of transaction router systems (112A-M) and one of a plurality of third party systems (130A-N). The system (110) is configured to determine a plurality of liquidity loss metrics based on the timing measurements, determine a plurality of effective remaining liquidity values based on the liquidity loss metrics, determine a total effective liquidity value of each transaction router system (112A-M) based on the effective remaining liquidity values, determine a plurality of order expiry metrics, determine a plurality of slippage metrics based on the order expiry metrics, and determine the optimized transaction router system (112) based at least in part on the total effective liquidity values and the slippage metrics.

Abstract: A transaction processing system is configured to receive a transaction request to execute a transaction at one or more of a plurality of third party systems. The transaction processing system accesses an adjusted transaction record storing a plurality of open transactions received from the plurality of third party systems. The transaction processing system further divides the transaction request into one or more split transaction requests. The one or more split transactions requests are sent to a corresponding third party system for execution. The corresponding third party system executes the open transaction corresponding to each split transaction at the requested unit count of each split transaction. In response, the transaction processing system receives an execution report from one or more of the plurality of third party systems.

Abstract: A feed handler is configured to receive a transaction entry from a data feed, the transaction entry indicating at least a floating-point value amount, the data feed associated with a transaction target. The feed handler modifies a locally stored priority queue based on the transaction entry by converting the floating-point value amount in transaction entry to an integer value amount based on a ratio between two underlying components indicated by the transaction target; and storing the integer value amount in a corresponding entry in the locally stored priority queue.

Abstract: A transaction processing system is configured to receive a transaction request to execute a transaction at one or more of a plurality of third party systems. The transaction processing system accesses an adjusted transaction record storing a plurality of open transactions received from the plurality of third party systems. The transaction processing system further divides the transaction request into one or more split transaction requests. The one or more split transactions requests are sent to a corresponding third party system for execution. The corresponding third party system executes the open transaction corresponding to each split transaction at the requested unit count of each split transaction. In response, the transaction processing system receives an execution report from one or more of the plurality of third party systems.