Abstract: Compositions are provided according to aspects of the present invention which include: a plurality of longitudinally extending fibers, each of the fibers having a longitudinal axis, wherein the longitudinal axis of each of a majority of the fibers is generally aligned; a plurality of stem cells capable of differentiation into a central or peripheral nervous system cell, a majority of the plurality of stem cells in contact with one or more of the plurality of longitudinally extending fibers; a biocompatible hydrogel, wherein the longitudinally extending fibers and stem cells are disposed in the matrix of a biocompatible hydrogel; a therapeutic amount of a neurotrophic factor disposed in the biocompatible hydrogel, wherein the neurotrophic factor is distributed as a gradient; a plurality of olfactory ensheathing cells disposed in the biocompatible hydrogel; and a therapeutic amount of a scar inhibitor disposed in the biocompatible hydrogel.