Abstract: A carbonated aerosol external preparation for skin, including a stock solution containing the following components (A) to (D) and a propellant including the following component (E): (A) a ceramide lipid, (B) an ionic surfactant, (C) a water-soluble polymer, (D) water, (E) carbon dioxide gas. A content of the component (A) in the stock solution is from 0.075 to 5.0% by mass, and a content of the component (B) in the stock solution is from 0.05 to 2.0% by mass, based on a total mass of the stock solution. A mass ratio of the component (C) to the component (B), (C)/(B), in the stock solution, is from 0.20 to 1.5.

Abstract: A workflow system controls work which includes a plurality of works. A stagnated work in a stagnation state is grasped, and processing priorities of works having a relation to the stagnated work are established in accordance with the relation. Particularly, a processing priority of a work, of which the processing progress is influenced due to the stagnated work in the stagnation state, is established to be lower.

Abstract: A work flow management method for managing execution of a plurality of works in a business process based on process definition information for defining the plurality of works and a processing order of the works. Control information is held for storing each work and the number of times a application program can execute processing associated with the work in correspondence to each other. When the application program for performing the processing associated with the work must be executed, it is determined whether the number of times the application program has already been executed is less than a predetermined value stored in the control information corresponding to the work which must be executed. The application program which must be executed is executed when the number is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: A workflow system controls work which includes a plurality of works. A stagnated work in a stagnation state is grasped, and processing priorities of works having a relation to the stagnated work are established in accordance with the relation. Particularly, a processing priority of a work, of which the processing progress is influenced due to the stagnated work in the stagnation state, is established to be lower.

Abstract: In an application service provider for controlling and managing business processes using a workflow management system, and providing functions for total businesses comprised of a plurality of activities processed by a plurality of applications, the workflow management system permits the provider to make meticulous settings and defines pricing schemes which are readily understood by users.

Abstract: A work flow management method for managing execution of a plurality of works in a business process based on process definition information for defining the plurality of works and a processing order of the works. Control information is held for storing each work and the number of times a application program can execute processing associated with the work in correspondence to each other. When the application program for performing the processing associated with the work must be executed, it is determined whether the number of times the application program has already been executed is less than a predetermined value stored in the control information corresponding to the work which must be executed. The application program which must be executed is executed when the number is less than the predetermined value.

Abstract: A workflow management system has synchronousness information, which can be set by a process definition tool in a process definition, for specifying a processing mode for calling a state transition request application programming interface (API). The synchronousness is controlled using a state transition request synchronous process program and a state transition request asynchronous process program. The synchronous process program processes a state transition in a synchronous processing mode in which the state transition is processed from receipt of an inputted state transition request to return of a response. The asynchronous process program processes a state transition in an asynchronous processing mode in which a state transition for a process instance is processed after an inputted state transition request is received and a response is returned. The synchronousness information is referenced to determine whether a state transition is processed in the synchronous or asynchronous processing mode.