Abstract: A reflection-type liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate including a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix and switching devices for driving the pixel electrodes. A second substrate includes a counter electrode, and a liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The pixel electrodes each include a lower electrode layer and an upper electrode layer. The upper electrode layer is formed of either silver or a silver alloy and is reflective.

Abstract: Even if rope (13) and spring (15) oscillate, to suppress these oscillations as much as possible.An elevator system is equipped with a car (1) that is installed such that it can freely move up and down in a hoistway, a sheave (14) that is installed at the top of the hoistway, a rope (13) for pulling the car that is suspended from this sheave (14), a suspension rod (9) to which the end of this rope (13) is attached, a spring (15) for damping vibrations which is installed between this suspension rod (9) and the car (1), a cylinder device (16) which attenuates the vibrations and has a flow volume control valve (22), a rotary encoder (24) for detecting the position of the car (1) in order to calculate the length of the rope, a load sensor (25) for detecting the load of the car (1) and a control panel (23) which calculates the characteristic vibration frequency f of the rope (13) from the length of the rope, the characteristic vibration frequency f.sub.

Abstract: A traction-type elevator includes a driving sheave (19) arranged in an upper portion of an elevator shaft, cage sheaves (6, 7) arranged at an angle with respect to the driving sheave (19) and mounted on a support beam (5), multiple (or turns of a rope) ropes (17) hung on the cage sheaves (6, 7) and the driving sheave (19), and a hanging rod (10) for hanging a cage from the support beam (5). In this traction-type elevator according to the invention, one torsion coil spring (16) is arranged between the cage side and the aforementioned support beam (5) appropriately so that the aforementioned hanging rod (10) is inserted through it; the two ends of torsion coil spring (16) are attached to a cage side and a side of the support beam (5), respectively. The support beam (5) can effectively rotate to relax torsion in the ropes (17), and it is possible to suppress generation of vibration by the torsion. Also, the torsion coil spring (16) can play the role in damping vibration without shifting outwardly.