Abstract: A controller calculates a period travel distance that is a travel distance of the vehicle from when the available travel distance is calculated to when the available travel distance is calculated next. The controller, when the remaining amount of urea aqueous solution inside a tank exceeds a predetermined amount, executes a first calculation process in which the available travel distance is calculated with reference to the remaining amount of the urea aqueous solution. The controller, after the remaining amount of the urea aqueous solution becomes smaller than or equal to a predetermined amount, executes a second calculation process in which the available travel distance is calculated by subtracting the period travel distance from the previously calculated available travel distance.

Abstract: A controller calculates a period travel distance that is a travel distance of the vehicle from when the available travel distance is calculated to when the available travel distance is calculated next. The controller, when the remaining amount of urea aqueous solution inside a tank exceeds a predetermined amount, executes a first calculation process in which the available travel distance is calculated with reference to the remaining amount of the urea aqueous solution. The controller, after the remaining amount of the urea aqueous solution becomes smaller than or equal to a predetermined amount, executes a second calculation process in which the available travel distance is calculated by subtracting the period travel distance from the previously calculated available travel distance.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification device for an internal combustion engine purifies exhaust gas in a first exhaust path and a second exhaust path. The device includes a confluent path. The confluent path extends from a confluent section of the first exhaust path and the second exhaust path. A first auxiliary NOx catalyst is provided in the first exhaust path. A second auxiliary NOx catalyst is provided in the second exhaust path. A main NOx catalyst is provided in the confluent path. A first addition section adds an ammonia source in a first addition amount to a section upstream of the first auxiliary NOx catalyst to supply urea water to the first auxiliary NOx catalyst. A second addition section adds an ammonia source in a second addition amount to a section upstream of the second auxiliary NOx catalyst to supply urea water to the second auxiliary NOx catalyst.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification device for an internal combustion engine purifies exhaust gas in a first exhaust path and a second exhaust path. The device includes a confluent path. The confluent path extends from a confluent section of the first exhaust path and the second exhaust path. A first auxiliary NOx catalyst is provided in the first exhaust path. A second auxiliary NOx catalyst is provided in the second exhaust path. A main NOx catalyst is provided in the confluent path. A first addition section adds an ammonia source in a first addition amount to a section upstream of the first auxiliary NOx catalyst to supply urea water to the first auxiliary NOx catalyst. A second addition section adds an ammonia source in a second addition amount to a section upstream of the second auxiliary NOx catalyst to supply urea water to the second auxiliary NOx catalyst.

Abstract: An adhesion preventing member 21 formed in a substantially circular-cylindrical shape is provided in an exhaust pipe 2. Urea water injected from an injection nozzle 6 is introduced into an inner peripheral side of the adhesion preventing member 21 through an opening portion 21a, and hence adhesion of the urea water to an inner peripheral surface 2a of the exhaust pipe 2 is inhibited. In the adhesion preventing member 21, there are provided five dispersion members 22 each having a plurality of through-holes 22a and urea water is dispersed in the exhaust pipe 2 by flowing through through-holes 22a. The adhesion preventing member 21 and the dispersion members 22 are arranged at a part spaced apart from the inner peripheral surface 2a of the exhaust pipe 2, that is, at a part which is heated to high temperature in the exhaust pipe 2.

Abstract: A method is provided for separating gas including diamagnetic materials and paramagnetic materials containing nitrogen oxides and oxygen into diamagnetic materials, nitrogen oxides, and oxygen. The method includes steps of providing a magnetic device along a gas passage, and providing a plurality of flow passages. Each flow passage has one end that is separately connected to the gas passage. The flow passages extend in a direction that a force due to a magnetic field of the magnetic device is applied to the paramagnetic materials in the gas. The method further includes a step of allowing the gas to flow into the flow passages so that the diamagnetic materials or the paramagnetic materials in the gas enter into a corresponding flow passage among the plurality of the flow passages.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system for an internal combustion engine includes an exhaust pipe and an energy applying device. Exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine flows into the exhaust pipe. The energy applying device applies energy to the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust pipe. The energy applied to the exhaust gas is greater than the energy for decomposing nitrogen monoxide (NO) and less than the energy for decomposing nitrogen (N2).

Abstract: A plasma treatment device for exhaust gas purification includes a honeycomb body and metal electrodes. The honeycomb body is made of dielectric and has therein a plurality of holes which introduces exhaust gas thereinto. The metal electrodes extend along the holes, and are interposed between the holes. The plasma treatment device purifies exhaust gas by applying electric voltage between the metal electrodes to generate plasma inside the holes. A method for manufacturing the plasma treatment device includes steps of positioning the metal electrodes in an extrusion die, providing dielectric material for the honeycomb body into the extrusion die, and performing extrusion so as to form the honeycomb body thereby integrating the honeycomb body with the metal electrodes.

Abstract: Formed on a glass substrate is an EL element including an anode, an organic light emitting layer, and a cathode. A first protective film is formed on a surface of the EL element to cover the EL element through a dry process. A second protective film is then formed on a surface of the first protective film to cover the first protective film by using polysilazane through a wet process. Even if an uncovered portion is left in the first protective film owing to the existence of a foreign matter thereon, the second protective film covers the uncovered portion to avoid intrusion of oxygen or other gases, moisture, etc. into the EL element from the outside.

Abstract: An EL device including an anode, an organic light emitting layer, and a cathode is formed on a glass substrate, and a sealing film made of Si and SiNx in which a ratio of the number of silicon atoms bonded to silicon atoms to the number of silicon atoms bonded to nitrogen atoms is equal to or larger than 0.6 but is equal to or smaller than 2.0 is formed on a surface of the EL element so as to cover the EL element.

Abstract: Formed on a glass substrate is an EL element including an anode, an organic light emitting layer, and a cathode. A first protective film is formed on a surface of the EL element to cover the EL element through a dry process. A second protective film is then formed on a surface of the first protective film to cover the first protective film by using polysilazane through a wet process. Even if an uncovered portion is left in the first protective film owing to the existence of a foreign matter thereon, the second protective film covers the uncovered portion to avoid intrusion of oxygen or other gases, moisture, etc. into the EL element from the outside.

Abstract: A phenolic resin composite material includes a phenolic resin, a filler dispersed in the phenolic resin and being a reinforcement member and an organized layered clay mineral being different from the filler and dispersed uniformly in the phenolic resin. The phenolic resin composite material is improved in terms of the heat resistance as well as the mechanical strengths.

Abstract: A phenolic resin composite material includes a phenolic resin, a filler dispersed in the phenolic resin and being a reinforcement member and an organized layered clay mineral being different from the filler and dispersed uniformly in the phenolic resin. The phenolic resin composite material is improved in terms of the heat resistance as well as the mechanical strengths.