Abstract: A method of identifying a spatial distribution of areas includes: a first step of determining a rough spatial distribution of at least one area in a sensory area of cerebral cortex in each of a left hemisphere and right hemisphere of the brain that is a target area of the identification; a second step of applying a sensory stimulus to the identification target area; a third step of obtaining brain activity information; and a fourth step of using the brain activity information to calculate one of a coefficient of cross-correlation, and coherence, between brain activity information of areas, assessing synchrony between the left and right hemispheres, and changing the spatial distribution determined in the first step.

Abstract: A X-ray waveguide includes a core for guiding X-rays having a wavelength band in which the real part of refractive index of material is smaller than 1 and a cladding for confining the X-rays in the core. The core has a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers respectively formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated. The core and the cladding are configured so that a critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle due to a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure. A critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between layers in the one-dimensional periodic structure is smaller than the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide showing a small propagation loss and having a waveguide mode with its phase controlled is provided. The X-ray waveguide including: a core for guiding an X-ray in a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the X-ray is confined in the core by total reflection at a interface between the core and the cladding; in the core multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index are periodically arranged; and a waveguide mode of the X-ray waveguide is such that the number of antinodes or nodes of an electric field intensity distribution or a magnetic field intensity distribution of the X-ray coincides with the number of periods of the periodic structure in a direction perpendicular to a waveguiding direction of the X-ray in the core.

Abstract: To provide an X-ray waveguide which: shows a small propagation loss of an X-ray; has a waveguide mode with its phase controlled; does not deteriorate owing to oxidation; and can be easily produced, an X-ray waveguide, including: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the core has a one-dimensional periodic structure containing multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index; the multiple materials include one of an organic material, a gas, and a vacuum, and an inorganic material; and the core and the cladding are formed so that the critical angle for total reflection at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle resulting from a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure, is realized.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide system capable of forming X-rays having spatial coherence of a large space region has an X-ray collecting optical element which collects incident X-rays; and an X-ray waveguide containing a core and claddings and wave-guiding a collected X-ray collected by the X-ray collecting optical element, in which the core of the X-ray waveguide is a periodic structure body in which a plurality of basic structures containing substances different in the refractive-index real part are periodically disposed, the total reflection critical angle of the collected X-ray at the interface of the core and the cladding is equal to or larger than the Bragg angle corresponding to the period of the core, and the collection angle of the collected X-ray entering the X-ray waveguide is as large as or larger than the double of the Bragg angle.

Abstract: A method of identifying a spatial distribution of areas includes: a first step of determining a rough spatial distribution of at least one area in a sensory area of cerebral cortex in each of a left hemisphere and right hemisphere of the brain that is a target area of the identification; a second step of applying a sensory stimulus to the identification target area; a third step of obtaining brain activity information; and a fourth step of using the brain activity information to calculate one of a coefficient of cross-correlation, and coherence, between brain activity information of areas, assessing synchrony between the left and right hemispheres, and changing the spatial distribution determined in the first step.

Abstract: An X-ray monochromator including: a substrate having a concave surface; and an inorganic oxide film formed on the concave surface and having a plurality of pores, in which the plurality of pores of the inorganic oxide film being laid periodically in a stacked manner in the normal directions of the concave surface, and in which the plurality of pores being cylindrical is provided. The X-ray monochromator shows an excellent X-ray spectroscopic performance.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide having a curved structure formed of a core and two claddings that sandwich the core and are mutually opposed, wherein when a y-axis is defined using as an origin a center of a circle, which defines a curvature radius of an interface a between a cladding A present on an inner circumference side of the curved structure of the two claddings, and the core, perpendicular to a tangent at an arbitrary point S and in a direction from the origin toward the interface b, a refractive index real part of the core in the interface a at a y0 is larger than a refractive index real part of the core in the interface b at a y1, and the refractive indexes become equal or larger as the y is increased.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide which: shows a small propagation loss of an X-ray; does not deteriorate owing to oxidation; and can be easily produced is realized with an X-ray waveguide, including: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that the real part of refractive index of materials is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the cladding has a one-dimensional periodic structure consisting of at least two materials having different real parts of refractive index; one of the materials is inorganic one, and another one of materials is any of an organic material, a gas, or vacuum; and the core and the cladding are formed so that the critical angle for total reflection at the interface between the core and the cladding is smaller than a Bragg angle depending on the periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide according to the present invention includes: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, wherein: the cladding has a periodic structure in which multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index are periodically arranged in two-dimensional directions perpendicular to the guiding direction of X-ray; and the periodic structure has a period of 100 nm or less.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a core to guide X-rays in a wavelength band where the real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less, and a cladding to confine the X-rays to the core, in which the core includes a periodic structure having basic structures that contain materials having different real parts of refractive indices, the basic structures being periodically arranged, a low electron density layer is arranged between the core and the cladding and has a lower electron density than that of a material having the highest electron density of all the materials constituting the core, and the critical angle for total reflection of the X-rays at the boundary between the cladding and the low electron density layer is larger than the Bragg angle attributed to the periodicity of the basic structures in the periodic structure of the core.

Abstract: A X-ray waveguide includes a core for guiding X-rays having a wavelength band in which the real part of refractive index of material is smaller than 1 and a cladding for confining the X-rays in the core. The core has a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers respectively formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated. The core and the cladding are configured so that a critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle due to a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure. A critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between layers in the one-dimensional periodic structure is smaller than the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide according to the present invention includes: a core for guiding an X-ray; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, wherein: the core has a low electron density portion and a high electron density portion having a higher electron density than an electron density of the low electron density portion; the low electron density portion is provided in the high electron density portion; and the low electron density portion is formed of one of a pore and an organic substance.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide, for guiding X-rays having a wavelength of 1 pm or more and 100 nm or less, includes: a core and a cladding. The core has a periodic structure composed of a plurality of materials each having a different real part of refractive index in the direction perpendicular to the waveguiding direction. A planarizing layer is disposed between the core and the cladding. The critical angle for total reflection of the X-rays at the interface between the planarizing layer and the cladding is larger than the Bragg angle of the periodic structure of the core.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide showing a small propagation loss and having a waveguide mode with its phase controlled is provided. The X-ray waveguide including: a core for guiding an X-ray in a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the X-ray is confined in the core by total reflection at a interface between the core and the cladding; in the core multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index are periodically arranged; and a waveguide mode of the X-ray waveguide is such that the number of antinodes or nodes of an electric field intensity distribution or a magnetic field intensity distribution of the X-ray coincides with the number of periods of the periodic structure in a direction perpendicular to a waveguiding direction of the X-ray in the core.

Abstract: To provide an X-ray waveguide which: shows a small propagation loss of an X-ray; has a waveguide mode with its phase controlled; does not deteriorate owing to oxidation; and can be easily produced, an X-ray waveguide, including: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the core has a one-dimensional periodic structure containing multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index; the multiple materials include one of an organic material, a gas, and a vacuum, and an inorganic material; and the core and the cladding are formed so that the critical angle for total reflection at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle resulting from a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure, is realized.

Abstract: Provided is an X-ray mirror, a method of producing the X-rat mirror, and an X-ray apparatus. The X-ray mirror comprises: a substrate; and an X-ray reflecting structure formed of multiple regions present on the substrate, in which the X-ray reflecting structure comprises a mesostructured film that has the multiple regions having different structural periods in a normal direction of the substrate. Thus, there can be reduced the absorption loss of an X-ray of the mirror that reflects X-rays having different energies.

Abstract: An X-ray holography light source element divides an entering X-ray beam to emit two or more mutually coherent X-ray beams. The light source element includes an X-ray waveguide which has a core and a cladding. The core contains a plurality of substances different in a refractive-index real part and is a periodic structure body in which basic structures are periodically disposed; the cladding confines an X-ray to the core to be guided therethrough. The total reflection critical angle of the X-ray on the interface of the core and the cladding is larger than the Bragg angle corresponding to the periodicity of the basic structures of the core. A shield member provided with two or more opening portions for respectively emitting the two or more mutually coherent X-ray beams is disposed at the end portion at an emission side of the X-ray waveguide.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a cladding and a core. The core has a periodic structure formed in at least one period direction. The periodic structure includes periodically arranged members made of material having different refractive index real parts. The core is surrounded by the cladding in the plane perpendicular to a wave-guiding direction. The Bragg angle obtained from the periodicity of the periodic structure is smaller than the total reflection critical angle at which X-rays are incident on the interface between the cladding and the core. The at least one period direction is the direction of at least one fundamental vector expressing the periodicity of the periodic structure in a plane of the core perpendicular to the wave-guiding direction.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide which: shows a small propagation loss of an X-ray; does not deteriorate owing to oxidation; and can be easily produced is realized with an X-ray waveguide, including: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that the real part of refractive index of materials is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the cladding has a one-dimensional periodic structure consisting of at least two materials having different real parts of refractive index; one of the materials is inorganic one, and another one of materials is any of an organic material, a gas, or vacuum; and the core and the cladding are formed so that the critical angle for total reflection at the interface between the core and the cladding is smaller than a Bragg angle depending on the periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.