Abstract: A high-sensitive phase imaging is achieved using a grating section without upsizing the imaging device or narrowing the period of the gratings. A radiation source generates radiation on a radiation path toward the grating section. The grating section comprises a G1 grating and a refraction-enhancing grating. The G1 grating has a G1 periodic structure that forms radiation converging points where an intensity of the radiation is increased between the G1 grating and a detector. The refraction-enhancing grating is located at the position of the radiation converging points and has enhancement planes and that increase the refraction angle of the radiation. The detector detects the radiation that has passed through the grating section.

Abstract: A high-sensitive phase imaging is achieved using a grating section without upsizing the imaging device or narrowing the period of the gratings. A radiation source generates radiation on a radiation path toward the grating section. The grating section comprises a G1 grating and a refraction-enhancing grating. The G1 grating has a G1 periodic structure that forms radiation converging points where an intensity of the radiation is increased between the G1 grating and a detector. The refraction-enhancing grating is located at the position of the radiation converging points and has enhancement planes and that increase the refraction angle of the radiation. The detector detects the radiation that has passed through the grating section.

Abstract: An electron source irradiates a target by inclining an electron beam at a predetermined irradiation angle ? with respect to a perpendicular to a target substrate. In this way, it is possible to extract grating-shaped X-rays in a direction perpendicular to the target substrate. The target substrate includes a substance containing a light element. On a surface of the target substrate, a plurality of grooves periodically disposed in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional direction to have a grating shape is formed. X-ray generating portions are arranged in a grating shape by being embedded in the plurality of grooves formed in the target substrate. The X-ray generating portions are made of a metal including W, Ta, Pt or Au or an alloy thereof. A depth M of the X-ray generating portions arranged in the grating shape is set within a predetermined range. The generation efficiency of X-rays for phase imaging is improved.

Abstract: A radiographic phase imaging device that provides for examination, even for a comparatively large structure, with high sensitivity, includes a first arm and a second arm that are arranged in a state having a space formed between them in which it is possible to arrange a subject. A radiation source section is attached to the first arm. The radiation source section includes a radiation source that generates radiation, and a G1 grating that allows the radiation to pass through. A detection section is attached to the second arm. The detection section acquires an image of radiation that has passed through the G1 grating and the subject. The first arm and the second arm are configured so that it is possible to move the radiation source section and the detection section within a three dimensional space.

Abstract: First ROI pixel values of a first region of interest 101 of a radiographic intensity distribution image 10, and second ROI pixel values of a second region of interest 102 of the radiographic intensity distribution image 10, are acquired. One of the first and second regions of interest is set to be at a position, or vicinity thereof, where a phase difference in the intensity modulation period within the radiographic intensity distribution image, with respect to the other region of interest, becomes ?/2. Next, an elliptical locus obtained by plotting the first and second ROI pixel values for each radiographic intensity distribution image is determined. k angle region images are then acquired using the radiographic intensity distribution images corresponding to at least k angle regions that have been obtained by dividing the elliptical locus for each given angle. A radiographic image is then generated using the k angle region images. k is an integer of three or more.

Abstract: Technology described herein resolves a structure that is finer than the period of a periodic structure of a grating. A radiation source is configured to irradiate radiation towards a grating section. A G1 grating has a G1 periodic structure that forms concentrated sections where the intensity of the radiation is concentrated, between the G1 grating and a detector. The detector detects radiation that has passed through the grating section as a moiré image. A sample translation section translates the sample in a direction along the periodic direction of the G1 periodic structure of the G1 grating, so as to pass the sample through the concentrated sections.

Abstract: A device that uses a grating to carry out high sensitivity radiographic image shooting using the wave nature of x-rays or the like can shoot a sample that moves relative to a device. A pixel value computation section determines, using a plurality of intensity distribution images of a sample that moves in a direction that traverses the path of radiation, whether or not a point (p, q) on the sample belongs in a region (Ak) on each intensity distribution image. Further, the pixel value computation section obtains a sum pixel value (Jk) for each region (Ak) by summing pixel values on the each intensity distribution image for point (p, q) that belongs to each region (Ak). An image computation section creates a required radiographic image using the sum pixel values (Jk) of the region (Ak).

Abstract: First ROI pixel values of a first region of interest 101 of a radiographic intensity distribution image 10, and second ROI pixel values of a second region of interest 102 of the radiographic intensity distribution image 10, are acquired. One of the first and second regions of interest is set to be at a position, or vicinity thereof, where a phase difference in the intensity modulation period within the radiographic intensity distribution image, with respect to the other region of interest, becomes ?/2. Next, an elliptical locus obtained by plotting the first and second ROI pixel values for each radiographic intensity distribution image is determined. k angle region images are then acquired using the radiographic intensity distribution images corresponding to at least k angle regions that have been obtained by dividing the elliptical locus for each given angle. A radiographic image is then generated using the k angle region images. k is an integer of three or more.

Abstract: A device that uses a grating to carry out high sensitivity radiographic image shooting using the wave nature of x-rays or the like can shoot a sample that moves relative to a device. A pixel value computation section determines, using a plurality of intensity distribution images of a sample that moves in a direction that traverses the path of radiation, whether or not a point (p, q) on the sample belongs in a region (Ak) on each intensity distribution image. Further, the pixel value computation section obtains a sum pixel value (Jk) for each region (Ak) by summing pixel values on the each intensity distribution image for point (p, q) that belongs to each region (Ak). An image computation section creates a required radiographic image using the sum pixel values (Jk) of the region (Ak).

Abstract: An accurate non-destructive inspection of a moving subject is conducted using a radiation source unit that irradiates radioactive rays toward gratings. Each grating includes a plurality of grating members. A radioactive ray detector unit detects the radioactive rays diffracted by the plurality of grating members. The plurality of grating members are arranged with a predetermined phase difference such that moiré pattern images respectively formed by the radioactive rays transmitted through first to third partial areas have a phase difference between the moiré pattern images.

Abstract: An accurate non-destructive inspection of a moving subject is conducted using a radiation source unit that irradiates radioactive rays toward gratings. Each grating includes a plurality of grating members. A radioactive ray detector unit detects the radioactive rays diffracted by the plurality of grating members. The plurality of grating members are arranged with a predetermined phase difference such that moiré pattern images respectively formed by the radioactive rays transmitted through first to third partial areas have a phase difference between the moiré pattern images.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus capable of X-ray imaging utilizing phase of X-rays. An X-ray imaging apparatus equipped with first and second diffraction gratings and an X-ray image detector are described. The first diffraction grating generates a Talbot effect and a second diffraction grating diffracts X-rays diffracted by the first diffraction grating. An image detector is provided to detect the X-rays diffracted by the second diffraction grating. In this manner, image contrasts caused by changes in phase of X-rays due to a subject arranged in front of the first diffraction grating or between the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating can be achieved.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus capable of X-ray imaging utilizing phase of X-rays with a simple construction. The X-ray imaging apparatus of the present invention is equipped with first and second diffraction gratings and an X-ray image detector. The first diffraction grating is constructed to generate the Talbot effect using X-rays irradiated at the first diffraction grating. The second diffraction grating is configured so as to diffract the X-rays diffracted by the first diffraction grating. The X-ray image detector is configured so as to detect the X-rays diffracted by the second diffraction grating. By diffracting X-rays diffracted by the first diffraction grating, the second diffraction grating is capable of forming image contrast caused by changes in phase of X-rays due to the subject arranged in front of the front surface of the first diffraction grating or between the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating.

Abstract: A phase-contrast X-ray imaging system according to the present invention comprises an X-ray interferometer, wherein X-ray interfering beams thicker than 2 cm.times.2 cm are formed enabling observation of comparatively large objects. The X-ray interferometer is constituted by two crystal blocks which each are monolithically cut out from ingots of crystal and have two wafers which function as X-ray half mirrors. An optical equipment, a chamber, and a feedback system are incorporated to adjust and stabilize the crystal blocks. A device is also incorporated to obtain an image showing the distribution of the X-ray phase shift with which diagnosis become easier and reliable.

Abstract: A phase-contrast X-ray imaging system according to the present invention comprises an X-ray interferometer, wherein X-ray interfering beams thicker than 2 cm.times.2 cm are formed enabling observation of comparatively large objects. The X-ray interferometer is constituted by two crystal blocks which each are monolithically cut out from ingots of crystal and have two wafers which function as X-ray half mirrors. Optical equipment, a chamber, and a feedback system are incorporated to adjust and stabilize the crystal blocks. A device is also incorporated to obtain an image showing the distribution of the X-ray phase shift with which diagnosis become easier and reliable.

Abstract: A phase-contrast X-ray CT apparatus is provided with an X-ray source for generating an X-ray beam, a crystal for generating a diffracted beam by irradiation with the X-ray beam, an object arranging section provided in the direction of propagation of the diffracted beam so that it is rotatable relative to the diffracted beam, an analyzer crystal for receiving a beam transmitted through the object arranging section to extract only a specified refraction angle component, and a sensor for detecting a beam extracted by the analyzer crystal.

Abstract: A tomograph makes use of phase information obtainable from a radiation beam having transmitted a to-be-inspected object. In one embodiment, the tomograph has an interferometer for producing interference infringes between a signal beam having transmitted through the object and a reference beam and eventually producing Moire fringes a detector for detecting the Moire fringes, and a signal processing unit for processing outputs of the detector.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, the sample surface is wetted with an aqueous solution of a fluorescent dye followed by rinses with water to remove an excessive amount of the dye so that the background fluorescence emission can be minimized to increase the efficiency of fingerprint detection. In another aspect, the fluorescent dye or a reagent to produce fluorescent substance is deposited on the sample surface by attaching a gelatinous film impregnated with a solution thereof followed by peeling. In a further different aspect, a powdery fluorescent dye is deposited on to the sample surface followed by spraying of water to wash away an excessive amount of the powdery dye so that the background fluorescence can be minimized. The invention also provides an apparatus for the fingerprint detection by the laser beam excitation of fluorescence, which is compact and portable as being composed of an ingenious combination of several units into an integral system.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, the sample surface is wetted with an aqueous solution of a fluorescent dye followed by rinses with water to remove an excessive amount of the dye so that the background fluorescence emission can be minimized to increase the efficiency of fingerprint detection. In another aspect, the fluorescent dye or a reagent to produce fluorescent substance is deposited on the sample surface by attaching a gelatin film impregnated with a solution thereof followed by peeling. In a further different aspect, a powdery fluorescent dye is deposited on to the sample surface followed by spraying of water after removing an excessive amount of the powdery dye so that the background fluorescence can be minimized. The invention also provides an apparatus for the fingerprint detection by the laser beam excitation of fluorescence, which is compact and portable as being composed of an ingenious combination of several units into an integral system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the shape in a plane to be determined in atmosphere of scattering materials.