Abstract: Microneedles and their use as a physical skin permeation enhancement technique facilitate drug delivery across the skin in therapeutically relevant concentrations. Micropores created in the skin by MNs reseal because of normal healing processes of the skin, thus limiting the duration of the drug delivery window. Pore lifetime enhancement strategies can increase effectiveness of MNs as a drug delivery mechanism by prolonging the delivery window. Fluvastatin (FLU) was used to enhance pore lifetime by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol, a major component of the stratum corneum lipids. The skin recovered within a 30-45-min time period following the removal of occlusion, and there was no significant irritation observed due to the treatment compared to the control sites. Thus, it can be concluded that localized skin treatment with FLU can be used to extend micropore lifetime and deliver drugs for up to 7 days across MN-treated skin.

Abstract: Microneedles and their use as a physical skin permeation enhancement technique facilitate drug delivery across the skin in therapeutically relevant concentrations. Micropores created in the skin by MNs reseal because of normal healing processes of the skin, thus limiting the duration of the drug delivery window. Pore lifetime enhancement strategies can increase effectiveness of MNs as a drug delivery mechanism by prolonging the delivery window. Fluvastatin (FLU) was used to enhance pore lifetime by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol, a major component of the stratum corneum lipids. The skin recovered within a 30-45-min time period following the removal of occlusion, and there was no significant irritation observed due to the treatment compared to the control sites. Thus, it can be concluded that localized skin treatment with FLU can be used to extend micropore lifetime and deliver drugs for up to 7 days across MN-treated skin.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel codrugs comprising bupropion or hydroxybupropion and an opioid antagonist or an opioid agonist joined together by chemical bonding. The codrugs provide a significant increase in the transdermal flux across human skin, as compared to the basic opioid antagonist or opioid agonist.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the problems associated with existing drug delivery systems by delivering cannabinoids transdermally. Preferably, the cannabinoids are delivered via an occlusive body (i.e., a patch) to alleviate harmful side effects and avoid gastrointestinal (first-pass) metabolism of the drug by the patient.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the problems associated with existing drug delivery systems by delivering cannabinoids transdermally. Preferably, the cannabinoids are delivered via an occlusive body (i.e., a patch) to alleviate harmful side effects and avoid gastrointestinal (first-pass) metabolism of the drug by the patient.

Abstract: This invention relates to cannabinoid-containing compositions, particularly cannabinoid-containing gel formulations and methods for the treatment of traumatic injury, e.g., strains, sprains and contusions, and disease conditions, e.g., arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis. The methods involve topically applying a cannabinoid or a cannabinoid-containing composition to a subject's skin near, or distant from, the area of the injury or the area affected by the disease condition, e.g., an arthritic joint. The cannabinoid-containing composition is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable gel containing a therapeutically effective amount of a cannabinoid sufficient to alleviate the symptoms associate with the injury or disease condition.

Abstract: This invention relates to cannabinoid-containing compositions, particularly cannabinoid-containing gel formulations and methods for the treatment of traumatic injury, e.g., strains, sprains and contusions, and disease conditions, e.g., arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis. The methods involve topically applying a cannabinoid or a cannabinoid-containing composition to a subject's skin near, or distant from, the area of the injury or the area affected by the disease condition, e.g., an arthritic joint. The cannabinoid-containing composition is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable gel containing a therapeutically effective amount of a cannabinoid sufficient to alleviate the symptoms associate with the injury or disease condition.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the problems associated with existing drug delivery systems by delivering cannabinoids transdermally. Preferably, the cannabinoids are delivered via an occlusive body (i.e., a patch) to alleviate harmful side effects and avoid gastrointestinal (first-pass) metabolism of the drug by the patient.

Abstract: The present invention overcomes the problems associated with existing drug delivery systems by delivering cannabinoids transdermally. Preferably, the cannabinoids are delivered via an occlusive body (i.e., a patch) to alleviate harmful side effects and avoid gastrointestinal (first-pass) metabolism of the drug by the patient.

Abstract: This invention relates to cannabinoid-containing compositions, particularly cannabinoid-containing gel formulations and methods for the treatment of traumatic injury, e.g., strains, sprains and contusions, and disease conditions, e.g., arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis. The methods involve topically applying a cannabinoid or a cannabinoid-containing composition to a subject's skin near, or distant from, the area of the injury or the area affected by the disease condition, e.g., an arthritic joint. The cannabinoid-containing composition is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable gel containing a therapeutically effective amount of a cannabinoid sufficient to alleviate the symptoms associate with the injury or disease condition.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel codrugs comprising bupropion or hydroxybupropion and an opioid antagonist or an opioid agonist joined together by chemical bonding. The codrugs provide a significant increase in the transdermal flux across human skin, as compared to the basic opioid antagonist or opioid agonist.

Abstract: An in-vivo method and apparatus is disclosed that comprises at least one sensor for determining changes in a human's an animal's body and reporting said changes outside the body. The sensor may be embedded in a sheath. The apparatus may be used to monitor chemical or physical changes in the body fluids. Alternatively, the apparatus may be used to monitor and regulate chemical or physical levels in humans and animals.

Abstract: A composition, a method and an apparatus for transdermally delivering an effective amount of opioid antagonists derived from prodrugs for treatment of eating disorders, narcotic dependence and alcoholism. In addition, the present invention relates to a composition, a method and an apparatus for transdermally delivering an effective amount of an opioid and opioid antagonist derived from an opioid agonist and one of an opioid antagonist and a prodrug for treatment of pain.

Abstract: An in-vivo method and apparatus is disclosed that comprises at least one sensor for determining changes in a human's an animal's body and reporting said changes outside the body. The sensor may be embedded in a sheath. The apparatus may be used to monitor chemical or physical changes in the body fluids. Alternatively, the apparatus may be used to monitor and regulate chemical or physical levels in humans and animals.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for relieving symptoms associated with illness or discomfort associated with the treatment of illness in a subject. The method includes providing a cannabinoid composition and delivering the cannabinoid transdermally to the subject. The cannabinoid composition used in this method includes at least one cannabinoid selected from the group consisting of &Dgr;9-THC, cannabinol, cannabidiol, nabilone, levonantradol, (−)-HU-210, (+)-HU-210, 11-hydroxy-&Dgr;9-THC, &Dgr;8-THC-11-oic acid, CP 55,940, and R(+)-WIN 55,212-2. Also disclosed is an occlusive body which includes an impermeable backing and a rate-controlling microporous membrane which together define a cavity in which a cannabinoid is disposed. Methods for increasing the concentration of cannabinoids or cannabinoid metabolites in a subject and for assessing the permeability of skin to cannabinoids are also described.

Abstract: A method for detecting body condition using nano and microdevices is disclosed. The microdevice or nanodevice is inserted into a fluid stream within a body, and used in detecting a bodily condition. The bodily condition may be myocardial infarction, stroke, sickle cell anemia, phlebitis, or a vascular aneurysm. The micro or nano device may be detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Abstract: A method for inserting a microdevice or nanodevice into a body fluid stream is disclosed. The micro or nanodevice may be inserted into or external to a cell, e.g., a red blood cell. For insertion into the cell, techniques such as reversible osmotic lysis, electroporation, microfine needle injection, and particle gun injection may be used. For the external device, it may be chemically modified with an organo hydroxyl, such as poly (ethylene glycol), methoxypoly (ethylene glycol). Also, it may include a lipid anchor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for attaching a microdevice or nanodevice to a biological member is disclosed. The biological member is one of a blood cell, lipid molecules, a liver cell, a nerve cell, a skin cell, a bone cell, a lymph cell, an endocrine cell, a circulatory cell, a muscle cell. The nanodevice or microdevice includes one of a diagnostic system, a transmitter, a receiver, a battery, a transistor, a capacitor, and a detector.