Abstract: A measurement apparatus comprises a probe system (100) operably coupled, when in use, to a processing resource (134). The probe system (100) and the processing resource (134) are arranged, when in use, to measure an apparent thickness change of a volume of the medium (108) to be measured and to determine a physiological parameter using the measurement of the apparent thickness change.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus comprises a probe system (100) operably coupled, when in use, to a processing resource (134). The probe system (100) and the processing resource (134) are arranged, when in use, to measure an apparent thickness change of a volume of the medium (108) to be measured and to determine a physiological parameter using the measurement of the apparent thickness change.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus comprises an optical system. The optical system comprises a source and an image capture device. The source is arranged to generate, when in use, a beam of electromagnetic radiation. Further, the optical system is arranged to direct the beam of electromagnetic radiation to a location to be measured. The optical measurement apparatus also comprises a feedback arrangement arranged to receive a reflected beam from the location to be measured and to provide feedback information in response to receipt of the reflected beam, the feedback information being indicative of degree of alignment of the location to be measured with the optical system.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus comprises an optical system (100). The optical system (100) comprises a source (102) and an image capture device (112). The source (102) is arranged to generate, when in use, a beam of electromagnetic radiation. Further, the optical system (100) is arranged to direct the beam of electromagnetic radiation to a location to be measured (132). The optical measurement apparatus also comprises a feedback arrangement (400, 602, 604) arranged to receive a reflected beam from the location to be measured and to provide feedback information in response to receipt of the reflected beam, the feedback information being indicative of degree of alignment of the location to be measured with the optical system.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus comprises an optical system (100). The optical system (100) includes a source (102) and a detector (112). The source, when in use, emits a probe beam (116) and the optical system is arranged to direct the probe beam (116) to a location to be measured (114). The detector (112) is arranged to receive a reflected beam (120) from the location to be measured (114).The optical system (100) has a receiving numerical aperture associated therewith and is also arranged so that the probe beam (116) has a probe cone angle corresponding to a probe numerical aperture. The receiving numerical aperture is greater than the probe numerical aperture. Alternatively or additionally, the optical system (100) is arranged to apply a magnification ratio between the detector (112) and the location to be measured (114) so as to minimise deviation of the reflected beam from a receiving axis (119) of the optical system (100).