Abstract: The inventive system and method comprises one or more batch closed circuit desalination (CCD) unit(s) linked by conducting lines and valves means to a pressure exchange (PE) means, such that each said CCD can be engaged periodically with said PE means for brine replacement by fresh pressurized feed, thereby, enable a continuous consecutive sequential batch desalination under fixed flow and variable pressure conditions of low energy and high recovery of unchanged flux. The inventive system and method opens the door to large scale CCD systems operated by predetermined fixed set points of pressurized feed low, cross-flow or module recovery, and system recovery, independent of each other, of infinite operational combinations and high flexibility for effective process optimization. The inventive system and method overcome former volume requirement limitations of large scale SWRO CCD installations.

Abstract: An inventive apparatus for closed circuit batch-RO desalination comprising a RO-skid with membrane elements and circulation means for the recycling of RO concentrate through membranes and a designed hydraulic-arm with a disc separating between a section of pressurized hydraulic fluid created by a high pressure hydraulic pump under fixed flow and variable pressure conditions and a section of RO recycled concentrates. The batch desalination sequence is completed when the entire hydraulic-arm volume is filled with hydraulic fluid and thereafter, desalination is stopped, said apparatus decompressed, brine removed and hydraulic-arm recharged with fresh feed before the initiation of a new batch sequence. The inventive apparatus enables RO desalination under the lowest energy and highest recovery prospects not possible by any other RO technique.

Abstract: A inventive two-stage batch-CCD RO system includes two separate batch-CCD units of a different number of modules per stage with more modules in the first-stage—N(1)>N(2). A two-stage batch-CCD process proceeds when both units execute parallel fixed flow variable pressure desalination sequences of same operational set-points [flux, module recovery and batch sequence recovery (R)], with brine of a former first-stage used as second-stage feed. In two-stage batch CCD RO systems of high N(1)/N(2) ratio whereby the relative production of permeates of the two stages complies to: ?(1)>>?(2), most of the permeates are produced in the first-stage under mild conditions and contribute to the low energy and salinity of permeates of the entire process. Compared with the performance of a single-stage batch-CCD RO unit, a two-stage system of the same module-number will render a performance of super RO characteristics, unmatched by any existing RO methods.

Abstract: A system of closed circuit desalination (CCD) units powered by solar panels and/or wind turbines through a buffer battery and a DC/AC converter, operating by a change of flux as function of the power availability from the abovementioned natural energy sources, while the load of the buffer battery remains at a preselected level is provided. The programmable logic controller of the system continuously tracks the battery load; in case of drop in load (output>input) the system responds periodically by a flux decline or by a flux increase in case of load increase (output<input), such that the average battery load remains around the preselected level. Permeate production by the system proceeds as function of the NMEn configuration of the CCD unit (N, module-number; n element-number), the area of solar panels and/or the rotor sweep area of the wind turbines, and the power availability of the renewable energy source.

Abstract: A inventive two-stage batch-CCD RO system includes two separate batch-CCD units of a different number of modules per stage with more modules in the first-stage—N(1)>N(2). A two-stage batch-CCD process proceeds when both units execute parallel fixed flow variable pressure desalination sequences of same operational set-points [flux, module recovery and batch sequence recovery (R)], with brine of a former first-stage used as second-stage feed. In two-stage batch CCD RO systems of high N(1)/N(2) ratio whereby the relative production of permeates of the two stages complies to: ?(1)>>?(2), most of the permeates are produced in the first-stage under mild conditions and contribute to the low energy and salinity of permeates of the entire process. Compared with the performance of a single-stage batch-CCD RO unit, a two-stage system of the same module-number will render a performance of super RO characteristics, unmatched by any existing RO methods.

Abstract: An integrated system comprising a closed circuit desalination (CCD) unit with membrane cleaning (MC) means wherein the latter are activated briefly (?8 minute) on a frequent basis, once a day or several days, for removal of fouling and/or scaling deposits off membrane surfaces created during the elapsed time interval and thereby, avoiding their accumulation and the need of CIP. MC proceeds in a tie-line sequence with different reagents solution in permeate known to affect the removal of common fouling and/or scaling constituents from membrane surfaces such as organic and/or bioorganic substances and/or inorganic scaling constituents including silica and polymerized silica coatings with either metal hydroxides or organic substances. Removal of silica containing deposits from membrane surfaces proceeds by a brief exposure to diluted hydrofluoric acid solution in permeate in the absence of interfering metal ions (e.g., Ca).

Abstract: An inventive apparatus for closed circuit batch-RO desalination comprising a RO-skid with membrane elements and circulation means for the recycling of RO concentrate through membranes and a designed hydraulic-arm with a disc separating between a section of pressurized hydraulic fluid created by a high pressure hydraulic pump under fixed flow and variable pressure conditions and a section of RO recycled concentrates. The batch desalination sequence is completed when the entire hydraulic-arm volume is filled with hydraulic fluid and thereafter, desalination is stopped, said apparatus decompressed, brine removed and hydraulic-arm recharged with fresh feed before the initiation of a new batch sequence. The inventive apparatus enables RO desalination under the lowest energy and highest recovery prospects not possible by any other RO technique.

Abstract: Pressurized hydraulic flow created in wind farms with wind driven pumps (wind-pumps) used for rated electric power production by means of hydraulic motors, or turbines, of constant speed and variable torque which actuate alternately and/or simultaneously rated electric generators as function of wind power availability. Use of positive displacement pumps driven by rotors of fixed pitch blades for maximum capture of wind power enables the attainment tip-speed-ratio of rotors in the range of high power coefficient by means of the pressurized hydraulic flow of the wind farms. Another application of wind farms with wind driven pumps is for the creation of variable hydraulic flow of fixed pressure as function wind power availability which may be used for water elevation as well as for the desalination of salt water solutions by reverse osmosis.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for clean energy generation by means of Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) in closed circuit by a batch process or by a consecutive sequential process comprises two sections; one of a disengaged Side Conduit (SC) undergoing replacement of High Salinity Diluted Concentrates (HSDC) by fresh High Salinity Feed (HSF); and the other of a close circuit system with 3 modules connected in parallel wherein Low salinity feed (LSF) is continuously supplied and whereas part of the HSDC is being recycled through said modules and the other part used for power generation by means of a fixed speed turbine (T) and 3 rated generators (G1, G2 and G3) which are actuated simultaneously or separately as function the power availability during the PRO process. Periodic engagement of said SC with HSF and the closed circuit enable replacement of pressurized HSDC by fresh HSF without stopping the power generation process.

Abstract: The retrofit technology utilizes pressurized brine of convention RO to feed a Closed Circuit Desalination (CCD) unit; wherein, further desalination takes place to a desired recovery level. The application exemplified in FIG. 4 is of a retrofit unit comprising a Booster Pump (BP2) for raising pressure of inlet feed; a Circulation Pump (CP) for creating cross flow over membranes (E) in the pressure vessel (M), thereby enable efficient RO desalination; an Actuated Valve (AV) in line with a partially open Manual Valve (MV) to enable periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates with fresh feed without stopping desalination; No Return (NR) valve means to control the direction of flow in the system; and monitoring means such as of electric conductivity (CM) and flow (FM). Periodic replacement of high salinity concentrates by fresh feed initiated at desired high system electric conductivity and terminated at a desired low system electric conductivity, while desalination continued.

Abstract: A method for continuous closed-circuit consecutive sequential desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis without using containers. The closed circuit includes one desalination module or more than one desalination modules connected in parallel. The method provides for desalination to proceed in concentrate recycling mode with brief intervals of concentrate discharge mode, in which pressurized concentrate in the closed circuit is replaced by pressurized fresh feed of salt water solution without stopping desalination.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous closed-circuit consecutive sequential desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis that comprises a closed circuit system comprising one or more desalination modules having their respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel by conducing lines, each of desalination modules comprising of one or more membrane elements, a pressurizing device for creating counter pressure to enable reverse osmosis desalination and replacement of released permeate by fresh, a circulation system for recycling the desalinated solution through the desalination modules, a conducting line systems for permeate collection from the desalination modules, a conducting line system for removing brine effluent a valve system to enable periodic discharge of brine from the closed circuit without stopping desalination, and monitoring and control systems to enable continuous closed circuit desalination of desired recovery proceed in consecutive sequential steps under variable or constant pressure condi

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous closed-circuit consecutive sequential desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis that comprises a closed circuit system comprising one or more desalination modules having their respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel by conducing lines, each of desalination modules comprising of one or more membrane elements, a pressurizing device for creating counter pressure to enable reverse osmosis desalination and replacement of released permeate by fresh, a circulation system for recycling the desalinated solution through the desalination modules, a conducting line systems for permeate collection from the desalination modules, a conducting line system for removing brine effluent a valve system to enable periodic discharge of brine from the closed circuit without stopping desalination, and monitoring and control systems to enable continuous closed circuit desalination of desired recovery proceed in consecutive sequential steps under variable or constant pressure condi

Abstract: An apparatus for consecutive sequential closed-circuit desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis having at least one circuit and a single container (CN), wherein the circuit includes at least one RO module (M1) connected in parallel.

Abstract: A modular unit apparatus for continuous separation of suspended particles from feed solutions or fluids by a consecutive sequential process in closed circuit that comprises, a closed circuit system comprising cross flow membrane filter modules having their respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel with each said module comprising a cross flow membrane filter element within housing, a circulation system enabling recycling of the feed solution or fluid through the membrane, a conducting line system for supply of said fresh feed to the closed circuit, a conducting line system for permeate collection from the membrane modules, a conducting line system for removing concentrated suspended particles solutions or fluids from the closed circuit, two valve systems for enabling connection or disconnection of said fresh feed supply line to the closed circuit, and for enabling periodic discharge suspended solution from the closed circuit without stopping filtration, and a monitoring and control systems.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous closed-circuit consecutive sequential desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis that comprises a closed circuit system comprising one or more desalination modules having their respective inlets and outlets connected in parallel by conducing lines, each of desalination modules comprising of one or more membrane elements, a pressurizing device for creating counter pressure to enable reverse osmosis desalination and replacement of released permeate by fresh, a circulation system for recycling the desalinated solution through the desalination modules, a conducting line systems for permeate collection from the desalination modules, a conducting line system for removing brine effluent a valve system to enable periodic discharge of brine from the closed circuit without stopping desalination, and monitoring and control systems to enable continuous closed circuit desalination of desired recovery proceed in consecutive sequential steps under variable or constant pressure condi

Abstract: An apparatus for consecutive sequential closed-circuit desalination of a salt water solution by reverse osmosis having at least one circuit and a single container (CN), wherein the circuit includes at least one RO module (M1) connected in parallel.