Abstract: The present invention concerns the synthesis of the salts of a Triazolium N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalyst in various salt forms prepared from 2-methylaniline, 2-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride or 2-methylphenylhydrazine. The molecules so prepared are useful in catalysis of carbene reactions and are advantageous due to their lack of chlorinated or fluorinated intermediates and lack of chlorine or fluorine in the final structure.

Abstract: Conventional SCUBA diving equipment is heavy and cumbersome, mainly due to the mass and size of the breathing gas carrier, i.e. the pressure vessel. A preferred pressure vessel for SCUBA diving can be as light as possible and neutrally buoyant at all stages of the dive. To achieve such preferred characteristics, the pressure vessel volume can be adjusted in accordance with the change in its mass. The present invention provides SCUBA systems that provides for the preferred characteristics.

Abstract: Conventional SCUBA diving equipment is heavy and cumbersome, mainly due to the mass and size of the breathing gas carrier, i.e. the pressure vessel. A preferred pressure vessel for SCUBA diving can be as light as possible and neutrally buoyant at all stages of the dive. To achieve such preferred characteristics, the pressure vessel volume can be adjusted in accordance with the change in its mass. The present invention provides SCUBA systems that provides for the preferred characteristics.

Abstract: SCUBA diving equipment is composed of a heavy SCUBA pressure vessel, buoyancy compensation device and a heavy weight system. Together with a constricting exposure suit the current setup makes for a rather cumbersome system. Perfect buoyancy is a term used in SCUBA diving to describe the ability of the diver to maintain its vertical position in the water column. Doing so requires a thorough understanding of the governing physics principles as well as considerable practice time. Together, the cumbersome nature of standard SCUBA systems and the physical and mental requirements of operating said systems underwater are a commercial hurdle, preventing many individuals from entering the sport. The present invention provides systems that can significantly simplify both elements by allowing water to occupy some of the pressure vessel internal volume.

Abstract: SCUBA diving equipment is composed of a heavy SCUBA pressure vessel, buoyancy compensation device and a heavy weight system. Together with a constricting exposure suit the current setup makes for a rather cumbersome system. Perfect buoyancy is a term used in SCUBA diving to describe the ability of the diver to maintain its vertical position in the water column. Doing so requires a thorough understanding of the governing physics principles as well as considerable practice time. Together, the cumbersome nature of standard SCUBA systems and the physical and mental requirements of operating said systems underwater are a commercial hurdle, preventing many individuals from entering the sport. The present invention provides systems that can significantly simplify both elements by allowing water to occupy some of the pressure vessel internal volume.

Abstract: SCUBA diving equipment is composed of a heavy SCUBA pressure vessel, buoyancy compensation device and a heavy weight system. Together with a constricting exposure suit the current setup makes for a rather cumbersome system. Perfect buoyancy is a term used in SCUBA diving to describe the ability of the diver to maintain its vertical position in the water column. Doing so requires a thorough understanding of the governing physics principles as well as considerable practice time. Together, the cumbersome nature of standard SCUBA systems and the physical and mental requirements of operating said systems underwater are a commercial hurdle, preventing many individuals from entering the sport. The present invention provides systems that can significantly simplify both elements by allowing water to occupy some of the pressure vessel internal volume.

Abstract: Conventional SCUBA diving equipment is heavy and cumbersome, mainly due to the mass and size of the breathing gas carrier, i.e. the pressure vessel. A preferred pressure vessel for SCUBA diving can be as light as possible and neutrally buoyant at all stages of the dive. To achieve such preferred characteristics, the pressure vessel volume can be adjusted in accordance with the change in its mass. The present invention provides SCUBA systems that provides for the preferred characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for the synthesis of 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF) from saccharides in pure or crude form, the method comprising: (a) continuously contacting saccharides in pure or crude form, hydrochloric acid, and an organic solvent, by way of a continuous, biphasic-flow reactor assembly at a temperature from about 60 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. and pressures from about 1 atmosphere to about 20 atmospheres, such that CMF is produced; (b) separating 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid phase separation; (c) producing at least five kilograms per day with at least 50% yield. Embodiments of the present invention can produce CMF in a continuous fashion, with high yield and without degradation of CMF to such side products as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF) and levulinic acid (LA).

Abstract: The present invention concerns the synthesis of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid, including ester, amide, and thioester derivatives of such from 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF). The molecules so prepared are useful as intermediates for pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance molecules; as well as fuel or fuel additives.

Abstract: The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for the synthesis of 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF) from saccharides in pure or crude form, the method comprising: (a) continuously contacting saccharides in pure or crude form, hydrochloric acid, and an organic solvent, by way of a continuous, biphasic-flow reactor assembly at a temperature from about 60 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. and pressures from about 1 atmosphere to about 20 atmospheres, such that CMF is produced; (b) separating 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid phase separation; (c) producing at least five kilograms per day with at least 50% yield. Embodiments of the present invention can produce CMF in a continuous fashion, with high yield and without degradation of CMF to such side products as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF) and levulinic acid (LA).

Abstract: The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for the synthesis of 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF) from saccharides in pure or crude form, the method comprising: (a) continuously contacting saccharides in pure or crude form, hydrochloric acid, and an organic solvent, by way of a continuous, biphasic-flow reactor assembly at a temperature from about 60 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. and pressures from about 1 atmosphere to about 20 atmospheres, such that CMF is produced; (b) separating 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid phase separation; (c) producing at least five kilograms per day with at least 50% yield. Embodiments of the present invention can produce CMF in a continuous fashion, with high yield and without degradation of CMF to such side products as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF) and levulinic acid (LA).

Abstract: Ester derivatives of furoic acids and in particular of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid can be used as fuel as fuel additives. Such esters can be used to displace crude oil products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc. As fuel additives, such esters had been shown to improve the performance of spark ignition internal combustion engines, compression ignition internal combustion engines. In addition, testing shows indications that said molecule will improve the performance of air breathing engines as well.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the synthesis of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid, including ester, amide, and thioester derivatives of such from 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF). The molecules so prepared are useful as intermediates for pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance molecules; as well as fuel or fuel additives.

Abstract: The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for the synthesis of 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF) from saccharides in pure or crude form, the method comprising: (a) continuously contacting saccharides in pure or crude form, hydrochloric acid, and an organic solvent, by way of a continuous, biphasic-flow reactor assembly at a temperature from about 60 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. and pressures from about 1 atmosphere to about 20 atmospheres, such that CMF is produced; (b) separating 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid phase separation; (c) producing at least five kilograms per day with at least 50% yield. Embodiments of the present invention can produce CMF in a continuous fashion, with high yield and without degradation of CMF to such side products as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF) and levulinic acid (LA).

Abstract: The present invention concerns the synthesis of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid, including ester, amide, and thioester derivatives of such from 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF). The molecules so prepared are useful as intermediates for pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance molecules; as well as fuel or fuel additives.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the synthesis of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid, including ester, amide, and thioester derivatives of such from 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF). The molecules so prepared are useful as intermediates for pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance molecules; as well as fuel or fuel additives.