Abstract: An apparatus includes a memory controller and scrambling circuitry. The memory controller is configured to control a Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM). The scrambling circuitry is configured to maintain one or more scrambling keys associated with one or more active rows of the DRAM, respectively, to identify a memory-access command, which is transferred between the memory controller and the DRAM and which addresses a given active row of the DRAM, and to apply to the command a scrambling key that is associated with the given active row.

Abstract: A computer system includes one or more memory devices, non-resettable memory elements and a processor. The first memory device is configured to store in the one or more memory devices (i) a first version of a multi-stage bootstrap program for bootstrapping the computer system, the bootstrap program including a self-test program that tests the bootstrap program, and (ii) a second version of the bootstrap program known to be trustworthy. The non-resettable memory elements are configured to store non-resettable indicators including at least a self-test-request indicator and a self-test-passed indicator. The processor is configured to retrieve the first version of the bootstrap program, and, if the first version is at least as recent as the trustworthy second version, to bootstrap the computer system securely using the first version and the non-resettable indicators.

Abstract: System, method and computer program product for prioritizing trial-and-error attempted corrections of bit/s, in a memory, in which logical bit levels are determined by thresholding voltage values using threshold/s, the method comprising ranking bits such that a first bit is ranked before a second bit, which is less likely than said first bit to be erroneous and sequentially attempting to correct the bits in order of the ranking, including attempting to correct the first bit before attempting to correct the second bit.

Abstract: A chip system comprising ROM code including a bootloader which runs whenever the chip is powered on; and programmable fuse array memory storing version identifiers, NVMs in which copies of a version of bootable firmware are stored, wherein a first identifier is stored including active major number and minor numbers, signed with a private key; wherein a second identifier is stored including recovery major and minor numbers, signed with said private key; and hardware which obeys a first command by the boot ROM code to disable until next system reset, writing to the recovery NVM other than to the bootloader, and obeys a second command, to lift write protection of the recovery NVM, wherein firmware images associated with both said versions, and both said identifiers, are signed with said private key, and the boot ROM code authenticates firmware image/s and said identifiers.

Abstract: A chip system comprising ROM code including a bootloader which runs whenever the chip is powered on; and programmable fuse array memory storing version identifiers, NVMs in which copies of a version of bootable firmware are stored, wherein a first identifier is stored including active major number and minor numbers, signed with a private key; wherein a second identifier is stored including recovery major and minor numbers, signed with said private key; and hardware which obeys a first command by the boot ROM code to disable until next system reset, writing to the recovery NVM other than to the bootloader, and obeys a second command, to lift write protection of the recovery NVM, wherein firmware images associated with both said versions, and both said identifiers, are signed with said private key, and the boot ROM code authenticates firmware image/s and said identifiers.

Abstract: A computer system includes one or more memory devices, non-resettable memory elements and a processor. The first memory device is configured to store in the one or more memory devices (i) a first version of a multi-stage bootstrap program for bootstrapping the computer system, the bootstrap program including a self-test program that tests the bootstrap program, and (ii) a second version of the bootstrap program known to be trustworthy. The non-resettable memory elements are configured to store non-resettable indicators including at least a self-test-request indicator and a self-test-passed indicator. The processor is configured to retrieve the first version of the bootstrap program, and, if the first version is at least as recent as the trustworthy second version, to bootstrap the computer system securely using the first version and the non-resettable indicators.

Abstract: System, method and computer program product for prioritizing trial-and-error attempted corrections of bit/s, in a memory, in which logical bit levels are determined by thresholding voltage values using threshold/s, the method comprising ranking bits such that a first bit is ranked before a second bit, which is less likely than said first bit to be erroneous and sequentially attempting to correct the bits in order of the ranking, including attempting to correct the first bit before attempting to correct the second bit.

Abstract: A three-dimensional structure of concentric rings forming a container of plastic material. A plurality of concentric ring-shaped wall elements adjoin each other to form an inner surface of the container. Adjacently adjoining wall elements are connected and inclined with respect to each other. The wall elements are connected to each other with a ring-shaped area of reduced wall thickness, forming a film hinge. The wall elements are inclined so that they can be turned down over adjoining elements to collapse the container.

Abstract: A device for maintaining an object on a surface comprising two membranes kept in spaced parallel relationship by a support ring, the membranes being interconnected at the center thereof by a centering element; by rotation of one membrane with respect to the other, the membranes may be brought closer to each other at the centers thereof or spaced apart at the edges thereof to create a suction gripping effect between an object on the upper membrane and a support surface.

Abstract: A spoon-shaped spring scale having a hollow handle on one end and a closed spoon-shaped bowl for the material to be weighed on the other end, a tube-shaped housing telescopically sliding within the hollow handle with a tension spring scale within the hollow handle and housing. The spoon-shaped spring scale may have an exchangeable dial calibrated in grams or in calories or in nutritional value for weighing various materials placed within a spoon-shaped bowl.