Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: A disposable patient interface includes a reusable sensor that removably mounts within a shoe of the disposable patient interface when at least one protrusion on opposite ends of the sensor removably lock with corresponding at least one aperture on opposite portions of the shoe. The patient interface includes a compliant structure which conforms to a patient's body upon placement thereon without causing wrinkles in the compliant structure so as to maximize adhesion of the compliant structure against skin on the patient's body when the compliant structure is conformed to muscle underlying skin on the patient's body.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are sensors that include: (a) a circuit board that includes an electronic processor; (b) a plurality of radiation sources, each source being attached to the circuit board; and (c) a spectral detector attached to the circuit board, the spectral detector being configured to analyze radiation derived from one or more of the plurality of radiation sources. During use, the sensors are configured to be worn on a portion of a body of a subject. The electronic processor is configured to cause two or more of the plurality of radiation sources to direct incident radiation to the subject, to cause the spectral detector to analyze radiation from the subject, and to determine one or more properties of the subject based on the radiation from the subject. Methods of making and using these sensors are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for determining a value associated with an analyte in a sample. The methods include: determining a set of spectra from a model for light attenuation in the sample, where the model includes contributions from at least two different sources of light attenuation in the sample; determining a set of spectral correction factors associated with the analyte in the sample based on the set of spectra; and using the set of spectral correction factors to determine the value associated with the analyte of interest.

Abstract: We disclose measurement systems and methods for measuring analytes in target regions of samples that also include features overlying the target regions. The systems include: (a) a light source; (b) a detection system; (c) a set of at least first, second, and third light ports which transmit light from the light source to a sample and receive and direct light reflected from the sample to the detection system, generating a first set of data including information corresponding to both an internal target within the sample and features overlying the internal target, and a second set of data including information corresponding to features overlying the internal target; and (d) a processor configured to remove information characteristic of the overlying features from the first set of data using the first and second sets of data to produce corrected information representing the internal target.

Abstract: We disclose measurement systems and methods for measuring analytes in target regions of samples that also include features overlying the target regions. The systems include: (a) a light source; (b) a detection system; (c) a set of at least first, second, and third light ports which transmit light from the light source to a sample and receive and direct light reflected from the sample to the detection system, generating a first set of data including information corresponding to both an internal target within the sample and features overlying the internal target, and a second set of data including information corresponding to features overlying the internal target; and (d) a processor configured to remove information characteristic of the overlying features from the first set of data using the first and second sets of data to produce corrected information representing the internal target.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for determining an anaerobic threshold and/or an oxygen consumption rate in a human or animal subject. The methods include exposing a tissue of the subject to illumination radiation, collecting emitted radiation from the tissue, the emitted radiation including a portion of the illumination radiation reflected or transmitted from the tissue, processing the emitted radiation to form a spectrum of the tissue, and determining, based on the spectrum of the tissue, the anaerobic threshold and/or the oxygen consumption rate of the subject.

Abstract: We disclose measurement systems and methods for measuring analytes in target regions of samples that also include features overlying the target regions. The systems include: (a) a light source; (b) a detection system; (c) a set of at least first, second, and third light ports which transmit light from the light source to a sample and receive and direct light reflected from the sample to the detection system, generating a first set of data including information corresponding to both an internal target within the sample and features overlying the internal target, and a second set of data including information corresponding to features overlying the internal target; and (d) a processor configured to remove information characteristic of the overlying features from the first set of data using the first and second sets of data to produce corrected information representing the internal target.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are sensors that include: (a) a circuit board that includes an electronic processor; (b) a plurality of radiation sources, each source being attached to the circuit board; and (c) a spectral detector attached to the circuit board, the spectral detector being configured to analyze radiation derived from one or more of the plurality of radiation sources. During use, the sensors are configured to be worn on a portion of a body of a subject. The electronic processor is configured to cause two or more of the plurality of radiation sources to direct incident radiation to the subject, to cause the spectral detector to analyze radiation from the subject, and to determine one or more properties of the subject based on the radiation from the subject. Methods of making and using these sensors are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for determining a value associated with an analyte in a sample. The methods include: determining a set of spectra from a model for light attenuation in the sample, where the model includes contributions from at least two different sources of light attenuation in the sample; determining a set of spectral correction factors associated with the analyte in the sample based on the set of spectra; and using the set of spectral correction factors to determine the value associated with the analyte of interest.

Abstract: The invention relates to systems and methods for measuring properties of samples with standardized spectroscopic systems. The methods can include (i) measuring, with a first spectroscopic system, spectra of at least three different reference targets; (ii) calibrating the first spectroscopic system; (iii) measuring, with the first spectroscopic system, a spectrum of a known reference specimen having a known value of the property; (iv) generating a model for the measured property using the spectrum of the known reference specimen; (v) measuring, with a second spectroscopic system, the spectra of at least three different reference targets; (vi) calibrating the second spectroscopic system; (vii) applying the model to the second spectroscopic system; (viii) measuring a spectrum of the sample using the second spectroscopic system; and (ix) determining a value of the property using the model.

Abstract: We disclose measurement systems and methods for measuring analytes in target regions of samples that also include features overlying the target regions. The systems include: (a) a light source; (b) a detection system; (c) a set of at least first, second, and third light ports which transmit light from the light source to a sample and receive and direct light reflected from the sample to the detection system, generating a first set of data including information corresponding to both an internal target within the sample and features overlying the internal target, and a second set of data including information corresponding to features overlying the internal target; and (d) a processor configured to remove information characteristic of the overlying features from the first set of data using the first and second sets of data to produce corrected information representing the internal target.

Abstract: We disclose measurement systems and methods for measuring analytes in target regions of samples that also include features overlying the target regions. The systems include: (a) a light source; (b) a detection system; (c) a set of at least first, second, and third light ports which transmit light from the light source to a sample and receive and direct light reflected from the sample to the detection system, generating a first set of data including information corresponding to both an internal target within the sample and features overlying the internal target, and a second set of data including information corresponding to features overlying the internal target; and (d) a processor configured to remove information characteristic of the overlying features from the first set of data using the first and second sets of data to produce corrected information representing the internal target.

Abstract: Methods and systems for calculating tissue oxygenation, e.g., oxygen saturation, in a target tissue are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods include: (a) directing incident radiation to a target tissue and determining reflectance spectra of the target tissue by measuring intensities of reflected radiation from the target tissue at a plurality of radiation wavelengths; (b) correcting the measured intensities of the reflectance spectra to reduce contributions thereto from skin and fat layers through which the incident radiation propagates; (c) determining oxygen saturation in the target tissue based on the corrected reflectance spectra; and (d) outputting the determined value of oxygen saturation.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for determining an anaerobic threshold and/or an oxygen consumption rate in a human or animal subject. The methods include exposing a tissue of the subject to illumination radiation, collecting emitted radiation from the tissue, the emitted radiation including a portion of the illumination radiation reflected or transmitted from the tissue, processing the emitted radiation to form a spectrum of the tissue, and determining, based on the spectrum of the tissue, the anaerobic threshold and/or the oxygen consumption rate of the subject.

Abstract: A spectrometer system includes a thermal light source for illuminating a sample, where the thermal light source includes a filament that emits light when heated. The system additionally includes a spectrograph for measuring a light spectrum from the sample and an electrical circuit for supplying electrical current to the filament to heat the filament and for controlling a resistance of the filament. The electrical circuit includes a power supply that supplies current to the filament, first electrical components that sense a current through the filament, second electrical components that sense a voltage drop across the filament, third electrical components that compare a ratio of the sensed voltage drop and the sensed current with a predetermined value, and fourth electrical components that control the current through the filament or the voltage drop across the filament to cause the ratio to equal substantially the predetermined value.