Abstract: A catalyst composition includes a liquid metal alloy having a melting point from about 20° C. to about 25° C., the liquid metal alloy including a primary metal and a secondary metal, the primary metal being aluminum and the secondary metal is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium, and bismuth.

Abstract: Provided is a method for quantifying sugar appearing in a biological fluid of a subject, the method include (a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject, who has ingested one or more sugars, over a period of 0 to 24 hours after the ingesting; and (b) measuring the amount of the one or more sugars in the biological sample with an organoborane compound coupled to a fluorophore. Also provided are assays and kits for performing the above methods.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems for measuring the concentration of a disaccharide in an aqueous medium, the system comprising a boronic acid derivative and a fluorescent molecule. Also disclosed are methods of determining gastrointestinal permeability in a subject, the method comprising contacting an aqueous medium obtained from a subject with the above system to obtain a mixture, where the patient has consumed a known quantity of a disaccharide; measuring the fluorescence emission of the mixture; and correlating the extent of fluorescence emission to the concentration of the disaccharide in the aqueous medium; and correlating the concentration of the disaccharide in the aqueous medium to the gastrointestinal permeability in the subject.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for quantifying sugar appearing in a biological fluid of a subject, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject, who has ingested one or more sugars, over a period of 0 to 24 hours after the ingesting; and (b) measuring the amount of the one or more sugars in the biological sample with an organoborane compound coupled to a fluorophore. Disclosed are also assays and kits for performing the above methods.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems for measuring the concentration of a disaccharide in an aqueous medium, the system comprising a boronic acid derivative and a fluorescent molecule. Also disclosed are methods of determining gastrointestinal permeability in a subject, the method comprising contacting an aqueous medium obtained from a subject with the above system to obtain a mixture, where the patient has consumed a known quantity of a disaccharide; measuring the fluorescence emission of the mixture; and correlating the extent of fluorescence emission to the concentration of the disaccharide in the aqueous medium; and correlating the concentration of the disaccharide in the aqueous medium to the gastrointestinal permeability in the subject.

Abstract: Boronic esters and boronic acids are synthesized at ambient temperature in an ethereal solvent by the reaction of Grignard reagents with a boron-containing substrate. The boron-containing substrate may be a boronic ester such as pinacolborane, neopentylglycolborane, or a dialkylaminoborane compound such as diisopropylaminoborane. The Grignard reagents may be pre-formed or generated from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, vinyl, or allyl halide compound and Mg0. When the boron-containing substrate is a boronic ester, the reactions generally proceed at room temperature without added base in about 1 to 3 hours to form a boronic ester compound. When the boron-containing substrate is a dialkylaminoborane compound, the reactions generally proceed to completion at 0° C. in about 1 hour to form a boronic acid compound.

Abstract: Boronic esters and boronic acids are synthesized at ambient temperature in an ethereal solvent by the reaction of Grignard reagents with a boron-containing substrate. The boron-containing substrate may be a boronic ester such as pinacolborane, neopentylglycolborane, or a dialkylaminoborane compound such as diisopropylaminoborane. The Grignard reagents may be pre-formed or generated from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, vinyl, or allyl halide compound and Mg0. When the boron-containing substrate is a boronic ester, the reactions generally proceed at room temperature without added base in about 1 to 3 hours to form a boronic ester compound. When the boron-containing substrate is a dialkylaminoborane compound, the reactions generally proceed to completion at 0° C. in about 1 hour to form a boronic acid compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for detection of ion migration and binding, utilizing a nanopipette adapted for use in an electrochemical sensing circuit. The nanopipette may be functionalized on its interior bore with metal chelators for binding and sensing metal ions or other specific binding molecules such as boronic acid for binding and sensing glucose. Such a functionalized nanopipette is comprised in an electrical sensor that detects when the nanopipette selectively and reversibly binds ions or small molecules. Also disclosed is a nanoreactor, comprising a nanopipette, for controlling precipitation in aqueous solutions by voltage-directed ion migration, wherein ions may be directed out of the interior bore by a repulsing charge in the bore.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for detection of ion migration and binding, utilizing a nanopipette adapted for use in an electrochemical sensing circuit. The nanopipette may be functionalized on its interior bore with metal chelators for binding and sensing metal ions or other specific binding molecules such as boronic acid for binding and sensing glucose. Such a functionalized nanopipette is comprised in an electrical sensor that detects when the nanopipette selectively and reversibly binds ions or small molecules. Also disclosed is a nanoreactor, comprising a nanopipette, for controlling precipitation in aqueous solutions by voltage-directed ion migration, wherein ions may be directed out of the interior bore by a repulsing charge in the bore.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: Targeted molecular bar codes and methods for using the same are provided. The subject targeted molecular bar codes include a molecular bar code and a member of a specific binding pair, where the specific binding pair member is generally bonded to the bar code through a linking group. The subject molecular bar code may be read during translocation through a single nano-meter scale pore. The subject targeted molecular bar codes find use in a variety of different applications involving analyte detection, such as screening and diagnostic applications.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved optical method and optical sensing device for determining the levels of polyhydroxyl-substituted organic molecules in vitro and/or in vivo in aqueous media. The range of detection is between about 400 and 800 nm. In particular, a sensory devise is implemented in a mammal to determine sugar levels. Specifically, a dye is combined with a conjugated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic boronic acid-substituted bis-onium compound in the presence of a sugar, such as fructose or glucose. The viologens are preferred as the aromatic conjugated nitrogen-containing boronic acid substituted compounds. The method is useful to determine sugar levels in a human being.

Abstract: Targeted molecular bar codes and methods for using the same are provided. The subject targeted molecular bar codes include a molecular bar code and a member of a specific binding pair, where the specific binding pair member is generally bonded to the bar code through a linking group. The subject molecular bar code may be read during translocation through a single nano-meter scale pore. The subject targeted molecular bar codes find use in a variety of different applications involving analyte detection, such as screening and diagnostic applications.