Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to methods of metal extraction from their ores and conversion of ores to metal carbonates for chemical storage of Carbon dioxide in mineral form. In some embodiments, metal alloys are produced directly by co-extraction of metals from a combination of the ores of respective metals in the alloy or from a combination of the oxides of respective metals.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication. This apparatus uses conditions of total internal reflection and refraction near the critical angle for total internal reflection (near TIR) in order to trap light within the apparatus.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication. This apparatus uses conditions of total internal reflection and refraction near the critical angle for total internal reflection (near TIR) in order to trap light within the apparatus.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a flourinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure, and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a flourinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure, and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a first field effect transistor that includes a first gate electrode, a first drain electrode, and a first source electrode; a second field effect transistor that includes a second gate electrode, a second drain electrode, and a second source electrode, the first and second gate electrodes being at least one of electrically connected or integral, and the first and second source electrodes being at least one of electrically connected or integral; an input electrode electrically connected to the first and second gate electrodes; and an output electrode electrically connected to the first and second source electrodes. The first field effect transistor also includes a first semiconductor material. The second field effect transistor further also incudes a second semiconductor material.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a fluorinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure, and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication. This apparatus uses conditions of total internal reflection and refraction near the critical angle for total internal reflection (near TIR) in order to trap light within the apparatus.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication. This apparatus uses conditions of total internal reflection and refraction near the critical angle for total internal reflection (near TIR) in order to trap light within the apparatus.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus that can redirect light impinging on the apparatus over a wide range of incident angles and can concentrate light without using a tracking system and methods for fabrication. This apparatus uses conditions of total internal reflection and refraction near the critical angle for total internal reflection (near TIR) in order to trap light within the apparatus.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a fluorinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a fluorinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure, and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and Photoelectrochemical Cells (PECs) have shown great progress toward conversion of light to electricity and chemical fuels in past. However, the presence of liquid electrolytes poses challenges in integration of large area modules, difficulty in implementing tandem architectures and sealing issues which lead to lower lifetimes of the modules. This invention addresses these issues by means of a novel design consisting of multiple nested concentric tubes leading to multi-cell tandem architecture of DSSCs and PECs. Each tube of this design comprises an electrode. At least one of the electrodes in this design is responsive to light and carries electronic charge (electrons or holes). The space between the tubes is filled with an electrolyte carrying ionic charge and participating in redox processes with the electrodes. This design facilitates higher efficiency, better lifetimes and a facile method of integration of large area modules.

Abstract: A method for producing a spatially patterned structure includes forming a layer of a material on at least a portion of a substructure of the spatially patterned structure, forming a barrier layer of a fluorinated material on the layer of material to provide an intermediate structure, and exposing the intermediate structure to at least one of a second material or radiation to cause at least one of a chemical change or a structural change to at least a portion of the intermediate structure. The barrier layer substantially protects the layer of the material from chemical and structural changes during the exposing. Substructures are produced according to this method.

Abstract: Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices comprising an organic semiconductor doped with a metal or organic dopant to form an interfacial modification layer, where the layer is disposed on an active layer including a conjugated polymer and a fullerene are described. In the layer, the organic semiconductor can be BPhen or TPBI, and the dopant can be a metal or an organic material. In the active layer, the conjugated polymer can be P3HT and the fullerene can be PCBM or indenyl-substituted fullerene. Improved OPV efficiency and lifetime can be achieved. Good testing results are obtained despite high humidity and high temperature, and modules can be made.