Abstract: Impact energy forces to the spine are reduced through the use of multiple overlying pliable impact energy absorbing layers. Each layer comprises a plurality of cells that are in fluid communication which provides for a valved transfer of fluid between the cells. Additionally, each layer has a different durometer.

Abstract: Impact energy forces to the spine are reduced through the use of multiple overlying pliable impact energy absorbing layers. Each layer comprises a plurality of cells that are in fluid communication which provides for a valved transfer of fluid between the cells. Additionally, each layer has a different durometer.

Abstract: A system for assessing damage to a simulated human skin includes a mask formed of an opaque material simulating human skin and having an outer surface in a shape simulating a human body part, such as a face, and a form formed of a rigid transparent material and having an outer surface in a shape of the mask for releasably retaining the mask. A light source is positioned behind the form for transmitting light through any laceration in the mask and a camera views the outer surface of the mask and generates an output signal representing an image of at least a portion the outer surface of the mask including any lacerations. A housing encloses the form, the light source and the camera to prevent light exterior to the housing from being viewed by the camera. A computer is responsive to the camera output signal for detecting and measuring a laceration in the mask, and for assigning an injury criteria to the laceration.