Abstract: A musical instrument comprising a shell and a rim for tensioning a head across an open end of the shell, for example a drum, is improved by forming one or both of the shell and the rim using a primary material having an axially oriented grain structure together with an auxiliary layer of secondary material having greater hoop strength than the primary material. The primary material can be a natural plant material, such as hardwood with the naturally occurring grain structure being oriented in an axial direction by assembling the annular rim using a stave construction. The secondary material can comprises a composite material including carbon fiber to reinforce the stave construction.

Abstract: A musical instrument comprising a shell and a rim for tensioning a head across an open end of the shell, for example a drum, is improved by forming one or both of the shell and the rim using a primary material having an axially oriented grain structure together with an auxiliary layer of secondary material having greater hoop strength than the primary material. The primary material can be a natural plant material, such as hardwood with the naturally occurring grain structure being oriented in an axial direction by assembling the annular rim using a stave construction. The secondary material can comprises a composite material including carbon fibre to reinforce the stave construction.