Abstract: A method of forming an electrochemical cell includes the steps of disposing a separating material on a first conductive material, disposing a metal oxide on the first conductive material of an opening of the separating material, and disposing a dye on the metal oxide.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The electrochemical cell comprises: a first conductive layer; a metal oxide layer provided on the first conductive layer, the metal oxide layer comprising a plurality of adjacent metal oxide cells, spaced from one another; a functional dye layer provided on the metal oxide layer; a second conductive layer; an electrolyte layer provided between the functional dye layer and the second conductive layer, wherein at least one of the first and second conductive layers is transparent; and wherein the functional dye layer is formed from an organic solvent ink.