Abstract: Heavy oil emulsions, comprising decant oils and No. 6, No. 5 and No. 4 oils, and water are stabilized by adding certain saccharide-based esters. Preferably, the saccharide-based esters are naturally-occurring saccharide esters such as gallotannins, saponin, red gum, and the like.

Abstract: A low-emissions diesel fuel comprises fungible aviation kerosene grade 55, 50–300 ppm detergent, 25–500 ppm lubricity additive and a bimetallic, fuel soluble platinum and cerium fuel borne catalyst (e.g., 0.1–2.0 ppm platinum COD and 5–20 ppm cerium oleate). The fuel can be used as is or in the form of an emulsion. A method of reducing the emissions of pollutants from a diesel engine, comprising running the engine on a fuel as defined. Retarding engine timing can further reduce NOx and the use of a diesel particulate filter and/or diesel oxidation catalyst can provide further reductions in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and particulates.

Abstract: Residual fuels, as well as lighter distillate fuels, are combusted with greater efficiency by utilizing low concentrations of specific bimetallic or trimetallic fuel-borne catalysts. The catalysts reduce fouling of heat transfer surfaces by unburned carbon while limiting the amount of secondary additive ash which may itself cause overloading of particulate collector devices or emissions of toxic ultra fine particles when used in forms and quantities typically employed. By utilizing a fuel containing a fuel-soluble catalyst comprised of platinum and at least one additional metal comprising cerium and/or iron, production of pollutants of the type generated by incomplete combustion is reduced. Ultra low levels of nontoxic metal combustion catalysts are able to be employed for improved heat recovery and lower emissions of regulated pollutants.

Abstract: Delivery of metallic combustion catalysts to internal combustion engines and other combustion devices is improved by dosing units that have the ability to effect the slow and positive supply of metallic additives, including platinum and/or cerium containing catalyst compositions, to fuel. The invention provides additive dosing materials and methods for simply and effectively supplying catalytic metal fuel additives to fuel in suitable low concentrations as are effective. The dosing units can be used with devices made to contact diesel fuel. In one approach, a catalytic metal additive concentrate (CMAC) is prepared in normally solid, semisolid or viscous form. The CMAC will preferably be encapsulated with a solid polymer. The encapsulation can be accomplished by embedding or dispersing the CMAC in a suitable polymer. If desired, the CMAC can be dispersed in one polymer and then the resulting composite can be embedded in the same or a different polymer.

Abstract: A low-emissions diesel fuel comprises fungible aviation kerosene emulsified with from 1 to 30% water, and preferably contains 50-300 ppm detergent and 25-500 ppm lubricity additive. Improved results can be achieved by also employing a fuel-soluble platinum group metal compound, such as 0.1-2.0 ppm platinum COD and a fuel-soluble cerium compound, such as 5-20 ppm cerium oleate. A method of reducing the emissions of pollutants from a diesel engine, comprising running the engine on a fuel as defined. The method is improved by also employing another pollution-reducing technique selected from timing changes, exhaust gas recirculation, oxidation catalysts, lean NOx catalysts and particulate filters for enhanced emissions control.

Abstract: Residual fuels, as well as lighter distillate fuels, are combusted with greater efficiency by utilizing low concentrations of specific bimetallic or trimetallic fuel-borne catalysts. The catalysts reduce fouling of heat transfer surfaces by unburned carbon while limiting the amount of secondary additive ash which may itself cause overloading of particulate collector devices or emissions of toxic ultra fine particles when used in forms and quantities typically employed. By utilizing a fuel containing a fuel-soluble catalyst comprised of platinum and at least one additional metal comprising cerium and/or iron, production of pollutants of the type generated by incomplete combustion is reduced. Ultra low levels of nontoxic metal combustion catalysts are able to be employed for improved heat recovery and lower emissions of regulated pollutants.

Abstract: A low-emissions diesel fuel comprises fungible aviation kerosene grade 55, 50-300 ppm detergent, 25-500 ppm lubricity additive and a bimetallic, fuel soluble platinum and cerium fuel borne catalyst (e.g., 0 1-2 0 ppm platinum COD and 5-20 pmm cerium oleate). The fuel can be used as is or in the form of an emulsion A method of reducing the emissions of pollutants from a diesel engine, comprising running the engine on a fuel as defined.

Abstract: Gasoline engines equipped with three-way catalysts emit less NOx, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide when operated on fuels containing a bimetallic catalyst comprising rhodium acetylacetonate and a fuel-soluble platinum compound such as diphenyl cyclooctadiene platinum(II) or platinum acetyl acetonate. The total metals in the additive will be dosed at a concentration of less than about 2 ppm (milligrams of metal to liter of gasoline) based on the amount of gasoline burned in the engine. Preferred dosages will be from about 0.15 to about 1.5 ppm, with a ratio of platinum to rhodium of from about 3:1 to about 15:1.

Abstract: Emissions of pollutants from diesel engines are reduced by a combination of mechanical devices and fuel additives. In one series of embodiments, diesel emissions of NO.sub.x and particulates are reduced, simultaneously with gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, by the combined use of exhaust gas recirculation or engine timing modification, with a particulate trap and a platinum group metal catalyst composition. In another embodiment, a multi-metal catalyst composition, comprising a combination of a platinum metal catalyst composition and at least one auxiliary catalyst metal composition, especially cerium or copper, is employed to provide catalyst metal to the exhaust system including a diesel trap to lower the balance point of the particulate trap (the temperature at which the rate of trap loading equals the rate of regeneration) while also lowering the emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Data for platinum, copper and cerium catalysts establishes effective amounts.

Abstract: The invention presented involves a method for reducing emissions from or increasing the utilizable energy of fuel for powering diesel, gasoline or gasohol internal combustion engines, the method comprising admixing with the fuel an additive which comprises a fuel-soluble, nonionic, organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition which is a) resistant to breakdown under ambient temperatures; b) does not contain a disadvantageous amount of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or halides; and c) has a partition ratio sufficient to maintain preferential solubility in the fuel.

Abstract: Platinum group metal fuel additives are effective in fuel environments which make the exclusion of water impractical. The fuels additives comprise a platinum group metal compound and a water-functional composition selected from the group consisting of lipophilic emulsifiers, lipophilic organic compounds in which water is miscible and mixtures of these. The additives are preferably effective in fuel compositions having water contents of at least about 0.01% water by weight.

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: The invention presented relates to a method for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides from a diesel engine without significant loss of fuel efficiency and without significant increases in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The method involves preparing a diesel engine such that the injection timing thereof is set at a point sufficient to obtain reductions in the nitrogen oxides emissions from the engine; and firing the diesel engine with a diesel fuel having admixed therein an additive which comprises a fuel soluble organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition.

Abstract: The invention presented involves a method for regenerating, replacing or treating the catalyst in a hydroprocessing reactor, the method comprising admixing with the feedstock, recycle stream or hydrogen stream of the reactor an additive which comprises a nonionic, organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition which is a) resistant to breakdown under ambient temperatures; b) capable of breakdown at temperatures existing in the vicinity of the catalyst; and c) does not contain a disadvantageous amount of phosphorus, arsenic, sulfur, antimony or halides.

Abstract: A method and composition for reducing ammonia emissions from non-acidic residue from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, such residue containing ammonium salts or absorbed ammonia, is presented, the method comprising applying to the residue either a physical barrier composition, a chemical barrier composition, or both, under conditions effective to reduce the emission of ammonia from the residue.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone to reduce the concentration of a first pollutant and introducing a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone to reduce the concentration of either the first pollutant or a second pollutant, wherein the first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index.

Abstract: The invention presented is a process for reducing the nitrogen oxides concentration in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The inventive process comprises introducing into the effluent an oxygenated treatment agent which includes an oxygenated hydrocarbon under conditions effective to oxidize nitric oxide in the effluent to nitrogen dioxide and to produce ammonia; and contacting the effluent with an aqueous absorbing solution having a component capable of causing nitrogen dioxide to be absorbed into the solution.

Abstract: The invention presented is a method for catalyzing fuel for powering internal combustion engines. The method comprises admixing with fuel an additive composition comprising at least one fuel-soluble platinum group metal compound in an amount effective to supply from 0.01 to 1.0 parts per million of platinum group metal per part of fuel.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing (most commonly by injecting) a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into an effluent according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while reducing the generation of nitrous oxide. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent comprising ammonium carbamate into the effluent in an amount effective to substantially avoid the presence of nitrous oxide.