Abstract: A processing unit transforms first input information into first nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into first linear transformed information, and transforms second input information into second nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into second linear transformed information. An exclusive-or section performs an exclusive-or operation based on the first and second linear transformed information. When the first nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a first and second sequence vector, respectively, and the second nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a third and fourth sequence vector, respectively, then a first row vector chosen from a first inverse matrix of a first matrix that transforms the first sequence vector to the second sequence vector, and a second row vector chosen from a second inverse matrix of a second matrix that transforms the third sequence vector to the fourth sequence vector, are linearly independent.

Abstract: A processing unit transforms first input information into first nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into first linear transformed information, and transforms second input information into second nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into second linear transformed information. An exclusive-or section performs an exclusive-or operation based on the first and second linear transformed information. When the first nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a first and second sequence vector, respectively, and the second nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a third and fourth sequence vector, respectively, then a first row vector chosen from a first inverse matrix of a first matrix that transforms the first sequence vector to the second sequence vector, and a second row vector chosen from a second inverse matrix of a second matrix that transforms the third sequence vector to the fourth sequence vector, are linearly independent.

Abstract: A processing unit transforms first input information into first nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into first linear transformed information, and transforms second input information into second nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into second linear transformed information. An exclusive-or section performs an exclusive-or operation based on the first and second linear transformed information. When the first nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a first and second sequence vector, respectively, and the second nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a third and fourth sequence vector, respectively, then a first row vector chosen from a first inverse matrix of a first matrix that transforms the first sequence vector to the second sequence vector, and a second row vector chosen from a second inverse matrix of a second matrix that transforms the third sequence vector to the fourth sequence vector, are linearly independent.

Abstract: A processing unit transforms first input information into first nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into first linear transformed information, and transforms second input information into second nonlinear transformed information that is transformed into second linear transformed information. An exclusive- or section performs an exclusive- or operation based on the first and second linear transformed information. When the first nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a first and second sequence vector, respectively, and the second nonlinear and linear transformed information are expressed as a third and fourth sequence vector, respectively, then a first row vector chosen from a first inverse matrix of a first matrix that transforms the first sequence vector to the second sequence vector, and a second row vector chosen from a second inverse matrix of a second matrix that transforms the third sequence vector to the fourth sequence vector, are linearly independent.

Abstract: The invention realizes a high-security cryptographic processing apparatus that increases difficulty in analyzing its key and a method therefor. In Feistel-type common-key-block cryptographic processing that repeatedly executes an SPN-type F-function having the nonlinear conversion section and the linear conversion section over a plurality of rounds, Linear conversion processing of an F-function corresponding to each of the plurality of rounds is carried out by linear conversion processing that applies square MDS (Maximum Distance Separable) matrices. The invention uses a setting that arbitrary m column vectors included in inverse matrices of square MDS matrices being set up at least in consecutive even-numbered rounds and in consecutive odd-numbered rounds, respectively, constitute a square MDS matrix. This structure realizes cryptographic processing whereby resistance to linear cryptanalysis attacks in the common-key-block cipher is improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a system and method to guarantee that a personal choice corresponds with an electronic encoding of this choice and, more particularly, to a system and method for its production, and allows the verification to a human that his or her choice has been taken into account which is easily auditable.

Abstract: The invention realizes a high-security cryptographic processing apparatus that increases difficulty in analyzing its key and a method therefor. In Feistel-type common-key-block cryptographic processing that repeatedly executes an SPN-type F-function having the nonlinear conversion section and the linear conversion section over a plurality of rounds, Linear conversion processing of an F-function corresponding to each of the plurality of rounds is carried out by linear conversion processing that applies square MDS (Maximum Distance Separable) matrices. The invention uses a setting that arbitrary m column vectors included in inverse matrices of square MDS matrices being set up at least in consecutive even-numbered rounds and in consecutive odd-numbered rounds, respectively, constitute a square MDS matrix. This structure realizes cryptographic processing whereby resistance to linear cryptanalysis attacks in the common-key-block cipher is improved.

Abstract: A token comprising 1) a zone (Z1) with a component for encoding a human's choice in a machine-readable representation and further comprising 2) a zone (Z2) with a component for encoding the human's choice in a human-readable representation and further comprising 3) a hiding means (Z3) to hide the zone with the human-readable representation component and further comprising 4) one or more zones or components (Z6) that are separable from the token and can kept bz the person whose choice is represented with the token whereby such one or more zones or components (Z6) comprises an identifier (Z7) to identify the token from which it originates, whereby the token is specially designed for further processing in a system that encodes the person's choice simultaneously with a human-readable representation and a machine-readable representation to protect the information against unauthorized disclosure or alterations of the person's choice after the person has confirmed his or her consent.

Abstract: The invention realizes a high-security cryptographic processing apparatus that increases difficulty in analyzing its key and a method therefor. In Feistel-type common-key-block cryptographic processing that repeatedly executes an SPN-type F-function having the nonlinear conversion section and the linear conversion section over a plurality of rounds, Linear conversion processing of an F-function corresponding to each of the plurality of rounds is carried out by linear conversion processing that applies square MDS (Maximum Distance Separable) matrices. The invention uses a setting that arbitrary m column vectors included in inverse matrices of square MDS matrices being set up at least in consecutive even-numbered rounds and in consecutive odd-numbered rounds, respectively, constitute a square MDS matrix. This structure realizes cryptographic processing whereby resistance to linear cryptanalysis attacks in the common-key-block cipher is improved.