Abstract: The present invention is an exosome isolation method for obtaining high purity exosomes inexpensively from samples of large and small amounts and types of samples from which exosomes could not be obtained before such as plant lysates. The exosome isolation method incorporates a two phase fluid extraction system, and includes the steps of isolation using dextran and PEG for removing proteins and undesired substances therein, and the steps of washing and dextran removal to collect exosomes in a pure form.

Abstract: A formulation in gel form comprising erbium borate nanoparticles, at least one surfactant and at least one gelling agent with carrier gel properties for use in prevention and treatment of wound scars is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing plant-derived exosomes from plant tissue culture based cell suspension cultures is provided. The method includes: obtaining the plant tissue culture based cell suspension culture; mixing the the plant tissue culture based cell suspension culture with an isolation solution; centrifuging to obtain a supernatant and an infranatant; and obtaining the plant-derived exosomes from the infranatant. The objective of the present invention is to produce homogenous plant exosomes with high volume and purity by making use of the advantages of the plant suspension culture to be used for purposes such as therapeutics and drug carriers.

Abstract: A use of extracellular vesicles obtained from macrophages infected with parasites as immunotherapeutic and prophylactic agents in the disease Leishmaniasis is disclosed. The objective of the invention is the use of a drug formulation, which exhibits almost complete activity on Leishmania parasites and infected cells within 72 hours, but does not have any show side effects on healthy cells, in the treatment and prophylaxis of Leishmaniasis.

Abstract: Plant exosomes can be used to reduce the protein aggregates formed in the cells and the damage they cause to the cells. Plant exosomes are of plant origin and not transgenic, and thus, they are reliable as an alternative to the drugs used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly ALS. Moreover, compared to the conventional applications, plant exosomes can provide a product with high efficacy and no side effects which can be produced in high amounts and at affordable prices due to the fact that it is plant-derived.

Abstract: Use of parasites and extracellular vesicles obtained from the parasites for a cancer treatment is provided. The use of parasites and extracellular vesicles obtained from parasites is for using in a treatment of a cancer, and loading an active substance on exosomes by using a drug loading capacity of exosomes, and thus, by carrying a specific drug directly to target cancer cells without causing any side effect on healthy cells and to enhance a bioavailability of the specific drug, achieving a desired effect in a tumor specific target region. Particularly Leishmania infantum parasite is used as a source for the extracellular vesicles.

Abstract: Use of nano-sized lanthanide borate (erbium borate and dysprosium borate) compounds for wound treatment due to their significant level of wound healing effect on the cells is disclosed. In the scope of the invention, the synthesis of nanometer-sized erbium borate and dysprosium borate compound by buffered-precipitation method at room conditions and the use of these compounds in biological applications are discussed.

Abstract: Use of nano-sized lead borate compounds for treatment purposes due to their selective anticancer activity on p53 mutant breast cancer cell line, T47D is disclosed. The method of synthesizing nano-sized lead borates of the present invention comprises the steps of preparing a borate buffer solution by sodium hydroxide and boric acid, dissolving lead nitrate (and preferably PEG) in distilled water by stirring, mixing the borate buffer solution with the lead nitrate (and preferably PEG) solution, washing the resulting solution with distilled water and drying to remove the impurities.

Abstract: Use of the effects of plant exosomes on the immune system as immune system enhancers, silencers and modulators against diseases is disclosed. The plant derived exosomes are obtained from at least one portion of the plant selected from the group consisting of the entire plant, fruit, leaf, seed, root, or differentiated tissues like the plant's tissue culture medium, stem cell, waste material, shell or phloem. In the scope of the invention, the plant exosomes having immunomodulatory effects are used mainly in autoimmune diseases, and in cell, tissue, organ transplantations and in Graft Versus Host disease as immune system enhancers, suppressors or, if necessary, as modulators performing both of the first two functions.

Abstract: The present invention is an exosome isolation method for obtaining high purity exosomes inexpensively from samples of large and small amounts and types of samples from which exosomes could not be obtained before such as plant lysates. The exosome isolation method incorporates a two phase fluid extraction system, and includes the steps of isolation using dextran and PEG for removing proteins and undesired substances therein, and the steps of washing and dextran removal to collect exosomes in a pure form.