Abstract: Methods for making an implant scaffold, comprising providing a 3D template generated according to an image of a lesion site, contacting the 3D template with a solution comprising a polymeric precursor, and evaporating the solution, thereby obtaining an implant scaffold, are provided. Further, implant scaffolds, comprising a water-soluble template in the form of a 3D geometrical array and a polymeric material are provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating a fluid contaminated with bacteria, the method comprising passing the fluid through a first filtration layer comprising a first membrane and an effective amount of capsaicin disposed adjacent said first membrane. Optionally, a second filtration layer may also be provided, the second filtration layer being disposed downstream of the first filtration layer, the second filtration layer comprising a second filtration membrane and an effective amount of activated carbon disposed adjacent the second membrane. The methods have particular application in treating water contaminated with the bacterium Escherichia coli.