Abstract: In some implementations, a user device may transmit, to a first data source, a first message encoding a first query and may receive a first response to the first query from the first data source. The user device may transmit, to a second data source, a second message encoding a second query that duplicates the first query and may receive a second response to the second query from the second data source. The user device may transmit a first reverse query to the first data source based on the second response and/or a second reverse query to the second data source based on the first response. The user device may receive at least one reverse query response. Accordingly, the user device may determine whether an answer to the first query is valid, based on the first response, the second response, and the at least one reverse query response.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage medium, for implementation of secret superposition protocols. In one aspect a method includes, performing, by a sender party, quantum operations on one or more qubits, comprising preparing, according to a predetermined secret superposition protocol, one or more qubits in respective uniform superposition quantum states; transmitting, by the sender party, to a recipient party, and through a secure channel, data indicating use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol; and transmitting, by the sender party and to the recipient party, one or more of the qubits, to wherein the recipient party performs one or more measurements on the qubits to verify use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol.

Abstract: A first device may provide a request to establish a secure communication with a second device, and may hide public keys based on a commutative legacy compatible encryption process sharing a modulus and based on quasi-Carmichael numbers larger than the modulus with quadratic residuals. The first device may utilize variable extendable-output function hashing, based on the modulus, with bloom filtering to generate an output that prevents creation of classical rainbow tables, and may utilize a key derivation function to generate a symmetric key based on the output. The first device may establish the secure communication with the second device based on the symmetric key.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for transmitting qubits encoding quantum information with reduced risk of interception from an eavesdropper. In one aspect, a method includes encoding quantum information into an information qubit; encrypting the information qubit, comprising performing i) a parity operation on the information qubit and a parity control qubit and ii) a phase operation on the information qubit and a phase control qubit; performing, by a sender party, a sequence of one or more quantum logic gates on the phase control qubit; sending the information qubit, parity control qubit, and phase control qubit to a recipient party; and sending data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates to the recipient party, wherein the recipient party obtains the quantum information encoded into the information qubit using the information qubit, parity control qubit, phase control qubit, and data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus for implementing a secure quantum swap operation on a first and second qubit. In one aspect a method includes establishing, by a first party and with a second party, an agreement to use a secure swap protocol; performing the quantum swap operation, comprising, for each two-qubit gate included in the quantum swap operation: performing, by the first party and according to the secure swap protocol, a respective preceding quantum gate cipher on the first qubit; performing, by the first party and the second party, the two-qubit gate on the first qubit and the second qubit; and performing, by the first party and according to the secure swap protocol, a respective succeeding quantum gate cipher on the first qubit. The preceding and succeeding quantum gate ciphers comprise computational bases that anti-commute with a computational basis of the two-qubit gate across a second axis of the Bloch sphere.

Abstract: A device may receive a machine learning model and training data utilized to train the machine learning model, and may perform a data veracity assessment of the training data to identify and remove poisoned data from the training data. The device may perform an adversarial assessment of the machine learning model to generate adversarial attacks and to provide defensive capabilities for the adversarial attacks, and may perform a membership inference assessment of the machine learning model to generate membership inference attacks and to provide secure training data as a defense for the membership inference attacks. The device may perform a model extraction assessment of the machine learning model to identify model extraction vulnerabilities and to provide a secure application programming interface as a defense to the model extraction vulnerabilities, and may perform actions based on results of one or more of the assessments.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for quantum random number generation. In one aspect, a method includes initializing N qubits in respective superposition states; computing a randomly selected oracle randomization function using i) the initialized N qubits and ii) multiple ancilla qubits, wherein the multiple ancilla qubits comprise a first ancilla qubit and one or more second ancilla qubits; performing a phase flip operation on the first ancilla qubit; computing an inverse of the randomly selected oracle randomization function using i) the N qubits and ii) the multiple ancilla qubits; performing a diffusion operation on the N qubits; and measuring the N qubits and providing data representing the measured states of the N qubits as N random bits.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for authenticating and authorizing users using quantum key distribution through segmented quantum computing environments. In one aspect, a method includes receiving a first and second plaintext data input from a first party and from a second party, respectively; applying a quantum computation translation operation to the first and second plaintext data inputs to generate a corresponding first sequence of quantum computations and a second sequence of quantum computations; implementing the first and second sequence of quantum computations in a first and second segmented quantum computing environment, respectively, to obtain a first and second sequence of measurement results; generating a first and second encryption key using the first and second sequence of measurement results, respectively, and an encrypted authorization token using the second encryption key; and sending the first encryption key to the first party, and the encrypted authorization token to the second party.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide centralized and coordinate learning techniques for identifying malicious e-mails while maintaining privacy of the analyzed e-mails of different organizations. One or more models may be generated and configured to construct feature sets that may be used to characterize e-mails as malicious or safe. Feedback associated with one or more models trained by a first organization (and other organizations) may be shared with a modelling device to modify parameters of the one or more models, where the modified parameters are configured to improve identification of malicious e-mail threats. The feedback provided by the first organization may not include e-mails received by the first organization, thereby enabling the privacy of the e-mails received by the first organization to be maintained in an confidential manner even though the updated parameters may be shared with a second organization.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for implementing a hexadecimal to quantum computation translation. In one aspect, a method includes obtaining one or more hexadecimal data inputs; applying a quantum computation translation operation to each hexadecimal data input to generate one or more corresponding sequences of quantum computations; implementing the one or more sequences of quantum computations using quantum computing hardware to obtain one or more corresponding sequence of measurement results; and providing the one or more sequences of measurement results as respective representations of the one or more hexadecimal data inputs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for implementing a hexadecimal to quantum computation translation. In one aspect, a method includes obtaining one or more hexadecimal data inputs; applying a quantum computation translation operation to each hexadecimal data input to generate one or more corresponding sequences of quantum computations; implementing the one or more sequences of quantum computations using quantum computing hardware to obtain one or more corresponding sequence of measurement results; and providing the one or more sequences of measurement results as respective representations of the one or more hexadecimal data inputs.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage medium, for implementation of secret superposition protocols. In one aspect a method includes, performing, by a sender party, quantum operations on one or more qubits, comprising preparing, according to a predetermined secret superposition protocol, one or more qubits in respective uniform superposition quantum states; transmitting, by the sender party, to a recipient party, and through a secure channel, data indicating use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol; and transmitting, by the sender party and to the recipient party, one or more of the qubits, wherein the recipient party performs one or more measurements on the qubits to verify use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage medium, for implementation of secret superposition protocols. In one aspect a method includes, performing, by a sender party, quantum operations on one or more qubits, comprising preparing, according to a predetermined secret superposition protocol, one or more qubits in respective uniform superposition quantum states; transmitting, by the sender party, to a recipient party, and through a secure channel, data indicating use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol; and transmitting, by the sender party and to the recipient party, one or more of the qubits, wherein the recipient party performs one or more measurements on the qubits to verify use of the predetermined secret superposition protocol.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for implementing a hexadecimal to quantum computation translation. In one aspect, a method includes obtaining one or more hexadecimal data inputs; applying a quantum computation translation operation to each hexadecimal data input to generate one or more corresponding sequences of quantum computations; implementing the one or more sequences of quantum computations using quantum computing hardware to obtain one or more corresponding sequence of measurement results; and providing the one or more sequences of measurement results as respective representations of the one or more hexadecimal data inputs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for transmitting qubits encoding quantum information with reduced risk of interception from an eavesdropper. In one aspect, a method includes encoding quantum information into an information qubit; encrypting the information qubit, comprising performing i) a parity operation on the information qubit and a parity control qubit and ii) a phase operation on the information qubit and a phase control qubit; performing, by a sender party, a sequence of one or more quantum logic gates on the phase control qubit; sending the information qubit, parity control qubit, and phase control qubit to a recipient party; and sending data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates to the recipient party, wherein the recipient party obtains the quantum information encoded into the information qubit using the information qubit, parity control qubit, phase control qubit, and data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for transmitting qubits encoding quantum information with reduced risk of interception from an eavesdropper. In one aspect, a method includes encoding quantum information into an information qubit; encrypting the information qubit, comprising performing i) a parity operation on the information qubit and a parity control qubit and ii) a phase operation on the information qubit and a phase control qubit; performing, by a sender party, a sequence of one or more quantum logic gates on the phase control qubit; sending the information qubit, parity control qubit, and phase control qubit to a recipient party; and sending data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates to the recipient party, wherein the recipient party obtains the quantum information encoded into the information qubit using the information qubit, parity control qubit, phase control qubit, and data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for quantum random number generation. In one aspect, a method includes initializing N qubits in respective superposition states; computing a randomly selected oracle randomization function using i) the initialized N qubits and ii) multiple ancilla qubits, wherein the multiple ancilla qubits comprise a first ancilla qubit and one or more second ancilla qubits; performing a phase flip operation on the first ancilla qubit; computing an inverse of the randomly selected oracle randomization function using i) the N qubits and ii) the multiple ancilla qubits; performing a diffusion operation on the N qubits; and measuring the N qubits and providing data representing the measured states of the N qubits as N random bits.

Abstract: A system for providing secure access to digital resources is provided that utilizes a blockchain platform. Using this blockchain platform, digital resource vendors create new digital tracking ledgers for their digital resource products such that updates to the digital resource products are accessible directly from a blockchain. Accordingly, these updates are deliverable in a protected and secure manner to consumers of the digital resources.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide systems, methods, apparatus, and computer-readable storage media that support private querying and exchanging of domain information, such as Domain Name System (DNS) information, between multiple devices. To illustrate, two devices may generate and exchange a list domain information queries and a list of domain information items, respectively. The lists may be encrypted by respective private keys of the devices. Each device may double-encrypt the respective received list using the respective private key, reorder the double-encrypted list, and transmit the reordered double-encrypted list to the other device. The reordered double-encrypted list of domain information items may be compared to the double-encrypted list of domain information queries to identify indices of domain information queries that match domain information items while maintaining privacy of the domain information queries and domain information items at the devices.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for transmitting qubits encoding quantum information with reduced risk of interception from an eavesdropper. In one aspect, a method includes encoding quantum information into an information qubit; encrypting the information qubit, comprising performing i) a parity operation on the information qubit and a parity control qubit and ii) a phase operation on the information qubit and a phase control qubit; performing, by a sender party, a sequence of one or more quantum logic gates on the phase control qubit; sending the information qubit, parity control qubit, and phase control qubit to a recipient party; and sending data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates to the recipient party, wherein the recipient party obtains the quantum information encoded into the information qubit using the information qubit, parity control qubit, phase control qubit, and data identifying the sequence of one or more quantum logic gates.