Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to medical imaging, and more specifically to machine-learning techniques to generate intraoperative fluorescence images of a subject (e.g., to aid a surgery, to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases). The system can receive an intraoperative white light image of the subject, input the intraoperative white light image of the subject into a generator of a trained generative adversarial network (GAN) model trained. In some examples, the GAN model is trained using a plurality of training image pairs, and each training image pair comprises an intraoperative white light training image and an intraoperative fluorescence training image of a same tissue. The system can obtain, from the generator, the generated intraoperative fluorescence image of the subject and display, on a display, the generated intraoperative fluorescence image of the subject.