Abstract: Methods and apparatus for electrical components according to various aspects of the present invention may be implemented in conjunction with an electrical system comprising a heat generating component and a cooling system. The cooling system may comprise a cooling channel and a coolant. The coolant is disposed within the cooling channel and in thermal contact with the heat generating component.

Abstract: The invention comprises a power filtering method and apparatus.

Abstract: The invention comprises a power filtering method and apparatus.

Abstract: A photovoltaic array includes a plurality of elongated rails and rectangular photovoltaic modules. Each rail can have an extruded resin construction and can include a lower base and an upper cap that cooperate to define a pair of grooves that open in opposite directions from each other. The elongated rails can be mounted on a support surface and extend in a spaced and parallel relationship with each other. During mounting, edges of the photovoltaic modules can be received by the grooves. In this way, the photovoltaic modules can be mounted above the support surface in a spaced relationship from the support surface.

Abstract: A photovoltaic array includes a plurality of elongated rails and rectangular photovoltaic modules. Each rail can have an extruded resin construction and can include a lower base and an upper cap that cooperate to define a pair of grooves that open in opposite directions from each other. The elongated rails can be mounted on a support surface and extend in a spaced and parallel relationship with each other. During mounting, edges of the photovoltaic modules can be received by the grooves. In this way, the photovoltaic modules can be mounted above the support surface in a spaced relationship from the support surface.

Abstract: Sampling is controlled to enhance analyte concentration estimation derived from noninvasive sampling. Means of assuring that the same tissue sample volume is repeatably sampled are presented, thus minimizing sampling errors due to mechanical tissue distortion, specular reflectance, and probe placement. In a first embodiment of the invention, sampling is controlled using automated delivery of a coupling fluid to a region between a tip of a sample probe and a tissue measurement site in a manner requiring minimal user interaction. In a second embodiment of the invention, sampling is controlled by controlling temperature variations, preferably with a coupling fluid, at a region about the tip of a sample probe and a sample site. In a third embodiment, sampling is procedurally controlled via timing and location of coupling fluid delivery to a sample site.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reproducibly interfacing a living tissue sample to the measurement probe of a spectrometer instrument in-situ minimizes spectral interference related to sampling variations. A minimal contact subject interface includes supports replaceably mounted on a base. An optical coupling means, such as a fiber optic probe, contacts the measurement site through a probe aperture in the base. During use, a subject rests an extremity on the support elements, so that the extremity is reproducibly positioned and supported in relation to the optical coupling means. The supports have a small contact area, minimizing contact with the skin at the measurement site. The interface module is adjustable to fit any subject. By reproducibly positioning and supporting the body appendage using minimal contact supports, spectral interference due to variations in placement, applied pressure, and temperature transients secondary to contact with the interface module are greatly minimized.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reproducibly interfacing a living tissue sample to the measurement probe of a spectrometer instrument in-situ minimizes spectral interference related to sampling variations. A minimal contact subject interface includes supports replaceably mounted on a base. An optical coupling means, such as a fiber optic probe, contacts the measurement site through a probe aperture in the base. During use, a subject rests an extremity on the support elements, so that the extremity is reproducibly positioned and supported in relation to the optical coupling means. The supports have a small contact area, minimizing contact with the skin at the measurement site. The interface module is adjustable to fit any subject.